肖福寿
在中华传统文化中,猪的地位与作用是毋庸置疑的。从语义学来看,猪也被称为“豕”“彘”“豚”“豵”“豣”“豮”等,具有较强的语言表现力。《尔雅·释兽》对猪是如此解释的:“彘,猪也。其子曰豚。一岁曰豵。”从字的象形来看,“家”在其宝盖头下的“豕”,这里表达的就是猪的形象。《说文》的解释为:“豕居之圈曰家”。由此可见,在古人的心目中,无猪是不成家的。从饮食学来看,猪是国人主要的肉食来源,其全身的每个器官,从头至尾,都是大众百吃不厌的佳肴。孔子云“脍不厌细,食不厌精”,这正是中国猪肉饮食文化精神的一种体现。从考古学来看,殷墟出土的甲骨文中已有“豕”的象形字,在浙江余姚河姆渡等新石器时代遗址中出土了距今六七千年家猪的骨骼,而在广西桂林甄皮岩墓葬中则出土了距今九千余年家猪的猪牙和颌骨,这些都说明了中国猪文化具有悠久的历史。从民俗学来看,猪是吉祥如意的象征,民间至今仍流传着杀猪祭灶神的习俗以及“女娲造六畜”的神话故事,其中第三天造猪。据《山海经·北次三经》记载:“彘身而载玉”“彘身而八足”,这说明了人们对猪图腾的崇拜。因“蹄”与“题”音谐,猪已成为莘莘学子金榜题名的吉祥物。在我国一些地区,猪头叫“神户”,猪舌头叫“招财”,而猪耳朵则叫“顺风”。难怪乎,我国最早的诗歌集《诗经》中就有咏猪的诗句:“执豕于牢,酌之用匏”(圈里捉猪宰杀,杯中酌满美酒)、“言私其豵,献豣于公”(自己留下小猪,大猪献给公家)。
可以说,在国人的心目中,猪虽然有时成为肮脏、丑陋、蠢笨、懒惰、贪婪的代名词,但更多的时候则代表了一种文化,代表着财富,代表着家庭,代表着吉祥,还代表着人的精神、人的品行、人的性格。
2019年,是中国农历己亥年,即民间生肖纪年的猪年。在这猪年来临之际,让我们重新检阅一下汉英词典中一些与猪相关的说法,聊作一种新年之乐吧。
本文选取了《中华汉英大词典》编纂者认为迻译尚有特点的与猪有关的表达法,与广大读者共享并敦请广大读者质疑与指谬。
一、“猪”字的界定
1. “哺乳动物”之意 = [Zool] pig; hog; swine; porker; Sus scrofa domestica: 蠢~ an idiot | 肥~ a porker | 公~ a boar | 海~ a dolphin | 豪~ a porcupine | 江~ a black finless porpoise | 母~ a sow | 牧~奴戏 gambling; chess-playing | 肉~ a slaughter pig | 乳~ a suckling pig | 瘦肉型~ a pork pig | 小~ a piglet/shoat | 养~ raise pigs | 野~ a wild boar | 一窝子~ a litter of pigs | ~八样儿 pork served eight ways | ~耳朵 pig’s ear | ~副伤寒 swine paratyphoid | ~革 pig leather | ~圈之神 god of swine | ~囊虫病 swine measles | ~皮面革 pigskin | ~气喘病 swine enzootic pneumonia | ~头 pig’s head | ~尾 pig’s tail | ~心 pig’s heart; pork heart
2. “十二生肖之一”之意 = pig [one of the twelve animals representing the twelve Earthly Branches, used to symbolize the year in which a person is born]: 他是属~的 he was born in the Year of the Pig
3. “詈词”之意 = <offens> damned, cursed, evil (person, etc): ~狗 base beasts
二、与“猪”有关的两字表达法
这方面的表达法,几乎全为名词。在这些名词当中,不少为专用名字,其中包括一些比喻词或詈词。具体请见以下例子:
1. 猪草 pig fodder; hogweed; greenfeed for pigs (试比较:马草 horse fodder)
2. 猪场 pig farm (试比较:养狗场 kennels; 养鸡场 a chicken farm)
3. 猪店 dealer who sells live pigs (试比较:马店 a caravansary/horse-inn)
4. 猪肚 pork tripe [as food item] (试比较:牛肚 tripe)
5. 猪肝 pork liver (试比较:鹅肝 foie gras;鸡肝 chicken liver)
6. 猪膏 lard; pork fat [esp as medicament]
7. 猪公 also 猪郎 /- lɑnɡ/ <dial> male pig; boar (试比较:鸡公 a cock/rooster)
8. 猪怪 also 猪魈 /- xiɑo/ swine bogey
9. 猪倌 swineherd; pigman(試比较:牛倌 a cowherd; 羊倌 a shepherd)
10. 猪行 wholesale dealer in pigs and pork
11. 猪红 <dial> blood of a pig
12. 猪栏 also 猪牢 /- lɑo/, 猪圈 /- juɑn/ pigsty; pigpen (试比较:牛栏 a cattle pen; 羊栏 a sheepfold)
13. 猪猡 <colloq> 1.pig; hog; swine 2.<abus> (Shanghai) (you) swine
14. 猪唛 <dial> what a stupid pig [to describe one as stupid as a pig]
15. 猪毛 pig hair (试比较:鸡毛 a chicken feather; 鸭毛 a duck feather; 羊毛 wool)
16. 猪苗 piglet; pigling
17. 猪母 also 猪婆 /- pó/ female pig; sow
18. 猪年 year of the pig (the last of the twelve Earthly Branches)
19. 猪排 pork chop (试比较:牛排 beefsteak;羊排 lamb chop)
20.猪皮 pigskin; hogskin (试比较:牛皮 cattle hide; 羊皮 sheepskin)
21. 猪肉 pork: ~铺 a pork shop (试比较:鹅肉 goose; 鸡肉 chicken; 牛肉 beef; 兔肉 rabbit; 鸭肉 duck; 羊肉 mutton)
22. 猪舍 hog house; pigsty; pigpen (试比较:鸡舍 a chicken coop)
23. 猪食 pig feed; pigwash; swill: ~槽 a trough | ~缸 a pig trough (试比较:鸡食 chicken feed)
24. 猪屎 pig dung (试比较:狗屎 dogshit;马屎 horseshit;猫屎 cat dung;牛屎 cow dung)
25. 猪手 <dial> front legs of pigs
26. 猪蹄 pig’s foot; trotter [on the pig or as a food item]
27. 猪腿 ham; pig’s leg; leg of pork
28. 猪娃 <colloq> 1.piglet 2.child who tends pigs; swineherd
29. 猪瘟 hog cholera
30. 猪窝 pigsty; pigpen (试比较:狗窝 a kennel/doghouse; 鸡窝 a chicken coop; 鸟窝 a bird’s nest)
31. 猪血 1.pig blood 2.pig blood salted and jellied [as food item]
32. 猪油 also 猪脂 /- zhī/ lard; pork fat
33. 猪仔 1.<colloq> (Guangzhou) piglet 2.<old> people tricked or kidnapped into coolie service in foreign countries
34. 猪脏 inner organs of a pig
35. 猪鬃 pig bristles [used for brushes, etc] □
三、与“猪”有关的三字表达法
这方面的表达法,绝大多数为名词,不少是专用名词,只有少量形容词。具体请见以下例子:
1. 猪八戒 [Lit] Zhubajie, Pigsy [character in the novel Pilgrimage to the West, represented by a pig and symbolizing the baseness in man]
2. 猪背脊 hogback
3. 猪癫疯 epilepsy
4. 猪肺疫 swine plague
5. 猪肝色 liver colored; yellowish brown; purplish red
6. 豬拱嘴 meat of a pig’s mouth area
7. 猪狗臭 <colloq> body odor (as from armpits)
8. 豬拐子 bent, crooked (like a pig’s leg)
9. 猪爵脊 pork tenderloin
10. 猪流感 swine influenza
11. 猪毛绒 fine pig hair
12. 猪脑子 1.pig brains [as a food item] 2.<abus> <colloq> thickheaded
13. 猪排骨 pork chop; pork cutlet
14. 猪婆龙 <colloq> Chinese alligator
15. 猪潜艇 submarine chaser
16. 猪舌头 pig’s tongue [as food item]
17. 猪头风 [Med] epilepsy
18. 猪头肉 pig’s chaps
19. 猪头三 <colloq> (Shanghai) 1.<abus> person lacking common sense; person not knowing right from wrong 2.person new to Shanghai
20. 猪尾巴 1.pig’s tail 2.pigtail (of hair)
21. 猪下水 pig’s offal; pig’s entrails
22. 猪牙子 piglet
23. 猪杂碎 chopsuey; cooked chopped entrails of pigs; cooked chopped entrails
24. 猪崽儿 piglet; pigling; sucking pig; suckling pig
25. 猪肘子 leg of pork
26. 猪觜关 (of a person) to insult others at will
27. 猪嘴瘟 [Med] mumps; parotitis
四、与“猪”有关的四字或以上的表达法
这方面的表达法,绝大部分为习语,只有少量的一般性表达法,其中含有一些贬义性的词语。具体请见以下例子:
1. 肥猪拱门 <idiom> (a fat pig butts into one’s house) to have good fortune knock at one’s door; to grant a windfall; to bestow good fortune upon sb: 愿你~! may you bless the people with good fortune!
2. 封豕长蛇 <idiom> (large pigs and long snakes) greedy and brutish despots or invaders; evildoers
3. 火到猪头烂,钱到公事办 <familiar> (just as cooking makes a pig’s head tender, money gets a public matter done) bribery is the ultimate arbitrator of official decisions; money talks
4. 狗彘不如 also 狗彘不若 /- - - ruò/ <idiom> no better than a cur or swine [descriptive of a contemptible person]
5. 狗猪不食其余 <idiom> (a person so despised and contemptible that even a pig or a dog won’t eat the food left by him or her) base; mean; despicable; contemptible; disgusting
6. 瘠牛偾豚 <idiom> (an emaciated ox can crush a piglet) a powerful country in decline can destroy a weak country
7. 见豕负涂 <idiom> (seeing a mired pig) extremely filthy or dirty
8. 狼奔豕突 <idiom> (the wolves rush and the pigs dash) to dash pell-mell; to flee helter-skelter
9. 冷水烫猪 <idiom> (to burn a pig with cold water) to try in vain; to come to no avail
10. 辽东之猪 <idiom> (Liaodong pig) sth mistaken for being extraordinary when it is really not ordinary; one who is proud or conceited out of ignorance
11. 鲁鱼亥豕 also 鲁鱼帝虎 /- - dì hǔ/, 鲁鱼陶阴 /- - táo yīn/ <idiom> (confusing the similar shapes of the characters 鲁 and 鱼, 亥 and 豕) error in writing; clerical or typographical error
12. 没吃过猪肉,还没见过猪跑 <familiar> (even if you have never eaten pork before, still have you not seen a pig run?) even if one has had no direct experience in a matter, common everyday knowledge and experience should give one some idea about how things are done
13. 牧豕听经 <idiom> (to graze pigs while listening to a talk) to study assiduously
14. 泥猪疥狗 <idiom> (muddy pig and scabby dog) person of low position; loutish person
15. 人怕出名,猪怕壮 <familiar> fame portends trouble for humans just as fattening does for pigs
16. 三豕涉河 also 三豕渡河 /-- dù -/, 三豕金根 /- - jīn gēn/ <idiom> to misuse or misunderstand a character [such as mistaking 豕 /shǐ/ for 亥 /hài/]
17. 食而弗爱,豕交之也;爱而不敬,兽畜之也 to feed a scholar and not love him, is to treat him as a pig; to love him and not respect him, is to keep him as a domestic animal
18. 豕亥鱼鲁 <idiom> (confusing the similar shapes of the characters 豕, 亥, 鱼 and 鲁) spelling or wording mistakes made in transcription or printing
19. 豕交兽畜 <idiom> (to treat like beasts) to treat people impolitely; to treat people without proper love and respect
20. 豕突狼奔 <idiom> (the pigs dash and the wolves rush; to run like wolves and rush like boars) 1.to dash pell-mell; to flee helter-skelter; to dash around madly 2.to infest and harass about (of bandits)
21. 豚蹄禳田 <idiom> (to offer a pig’s foot in sacrifice and pray for abundant harvest) to ask a lot for a little
22. 信及豚鱼 <idiom> (to show one’s sincerity even for pigs and fish) true sincerity moves even dumb animals
23. 行若狗彘 <idiom> (to act like dogs and pigs) to behave shamelessly
24. 猪八戒倒打一耙 <idiom> (Zhubajie makes an unfounded attack with his rake) to make an unfounded counter-charge; to blame one’s victim
25. 豬卑狗险 <idiom> (a mean pig and a treacherous dog) mean and treacherous people
26. 猪不吃狗不闻 <idiom> food so unappetizing that even pigs and dogs won’t eat it
27. 猪多肉贱 <idiom> (the more pigs there are, the cheaper the pork) the more common things are, the less they are valued
28. 猪狗不如 <idiom> (worse than pigs and dogs) base; mean; despicable
29. 猪睏长肉,人困卖屋 <familiar> (just as a lazy pig gains weight, so a lazy person sells his house) laziness can ruin a family
30. 猪牛公馆 <derog> pig and cow mansions [farmers’ term for state farms]
31. 猪朋狗友 <idiom> (friends of pigs and dogs) gang of good-for-nothings
32. 猪头三牲 <old> 1.sacrifice of ox, sheep and pig 2.(generally refer to) sacrifice
33. 猪仔议员 <abus> swine assemblyman [members of the legislature in early Republic of China who were corrupted by bribes]
34. 一龙一猪<idiom> (a dragon and a pig) one person superior and another inferior (even with same background, etc)
35. 指猪骂狗 <idiom> (to point at the pig and curse the dog) to make a dig at sb; to criticize obliquely
的确,汉语中与“猪”有关的表达法实在太丰富了,诸如“猪丹毒”“猪都”“猪兜炮”“猪哥”“猪精”“猪龙”“猪仔国会”等词语的英文翻译,更待我们共同探索。