新疆
英语教学大纲明确指出:“中学英语教学的目的,是对学生进行听、说、读、写的基本训练,培养学生在口头和书面上初步运用英语的能力。”英语书面表达试题要求学生有效运用所学语言知识,根据所给情景,即命题中所涉及的语言环境和具体内容编写一篇有词数限制(一般为100词左右)的书面材料,要求清楚、连贯地传递信息,文理通顺、内容完整,旨在测试学生运用英语知识进行思想交流的语言表达能力。
2016—2018年全国卷书面表达试题分析表
通过仔细研读近三年的高考英语书面表达试题,结合《考试大纲》和《考试说明》,可以发现书面表达的命题规律与趋势如下:
1.文章体裁:应用文在考试中占比较大,其中以书信和电子邮件为主。要求语言平实、准确、简洁,格式规范,结构严谨,信息真实。
2.文章长度:100词左右。
3.设题规律:书面表达话题内容均来自《考试大纲》的24个话题,贴近考生熟悉的学习和生活,侧重考查考生对社会现象的理解和自身成长经历的感悟,融入考生的人生态度、情感和价值观,渗透中国优秀传统文化,增强考生文化自信,培养考生爱国情怀和跨文化交际能力,有助于考生健康成长。
4.高分作文特点:根据高考英语书面表达的评分标准,第五档需要完全完成试题规定的任务,覆盖所有内容要点,应用较多的语法结构和词汇,具备较强的语言运用能力,有效地使用语句间的连接成分,使全文结构紧凑,完全达到预期的写作目的。从阅卷教师印象角度划分,作文五档:漂漂亮亮(21~25 分);有模有样(16~20 分);马马虎虎(11~15分);稀里糊涂(6~10分);一塌糊涂(0~5分)。
5.高分秘诀:完整性(要点全);得体性(表达得体、地道、通顺);多样性(句式多样、高级词汇);连贯性(连接词);准确性(拼写、标点、大小写、用词、时态语态等)。
第一步:审题
审题:定体裁、定人称、定时态、定要点和定结构。注意审题干、要点提示、图表图示、注意事项以及参考词汇等,要做到全面准确。
第二步:构思
根据文中内容要求,一般采用三段式或者一段三层式写作。开头:对作文题目的导入;正文:介绍所给信息;结尾:归纳总结。
第三步:成文
写作时要覆盖题干要求的全部要点。所列要点要提炼出关键词和短语,潜心遣词造句。衔接与过渡性词语的使用是语言连贯性得以实现的最常见手段。在句与句之间、段与段之间恰当地使用一些承上启下的衔接(过渡)性词语使上下文衔接连贯是非常必要的。
第四步:润色
使用并列句、复合句、被动语态、非谓语动词、with复合结构、倒装句、强调句等高级语法和句式结构提升作文档次。
(2017年高考全国卷Ⅱ)
假定你是李华,想邀请外教Henry一起参观中国剪纸(paper-cutting)艺术展。请给他写封邮件,内容包括:
1.展览时间、地点;
2.展览内容。
注意:1.词数100左右;
2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
第一步:审题
1.确定文体:书信体。
2.确定人称:第一人称“I”,人物身份:师生关系。
3.确定时态:一般将来时+一般现在时。
4.确定要点:
(1)邀请参加剪纸艺术展(隐形要点);
(2)展览时间和地点(缺一不可),要注意正确使用时间、地点前的介词;
(3)展览内容(可适当增加细节),如:展会门票是否收费,展品内容有哪些,参加展会要求等。
第二步:构思
书信三段式:
第一段:问候+写信目的(邀请)(略写);第二段:正文介绍展会的相关内容(注意条理、层次和连贯)(详写);第三段:期待回复(略写)。
第三步:成文
Dear Henry,
On behalf of our class,( 身份得体 )I am writing to invite you to attend(要点一)an art exhibition on traditional Chinese paper-cutting.Here are some relevant details about it.(过渡自然)
To begin with,the art exhibition is going to be held in the National Museum from 8 o’clock to 12 o’clock this Sunday.(要点二)Besides,the exhibition is completely free of charge so that anyone who is interested in paper-cutting can attend it.Furthermore,all the paper-cutting works on display come from many top artists in China,which include various animals,plants and people of all ages in different colored paper. Last but not least,visitors are allowed to take photos.(句式多样:被动语态)(要点三)
I am looking forward to your coming.
Yours,
Li Hua
第四步:润色
润色后的文章(略)
在写作训练中,教师应引导学生追求高考书面表达高分卷五美。
突破训练:练字。注意文章标题居中,字母匀称,词、行间距适当,斜度通篇一致,段落开头空出3~4格,行首、段首要标齐。
突破训练:结构多为三段式;每段有主题,注意写好文章的开头和结尾。好的开头应该引入自然、突出主题,可以提出核心问题,抓住关键要素,介绍背景材料,引用名言、谚语和数据等。写好文章的结尾同样重要,文章可以采用照应开头、回扣中心、概括总结或者希望建议等方法收尾。简洁有力的结尾可以升华主题、给文章锦上添花。
突破训练:积累——归类强化,保基础。
1.高级词汇积累
写作时,精准选词,短语优先,可以求新求异,增加文采。同时注意变换用词,避免重复。这就要求考生在复习时,尽量做到词汇的归类复习。
方法一:考纲词汇积累串记
① ability(n.)能力,才能—able(adj.)—unable(adj.)—disability(n.)—disabled(adj.)—be able to=be capable of
② advantage(n.)优点,好处—advantageous(adj.)—disadvantage(n.)—take advantage of,be to one’s advantage
方法二:熟词生义归类
owe欠,欠债
①感恩,感激
I owe you for your help.
②(常与to连用)归功于
She owes her success to good luck.
③欠,欠钱
I owe you an apology.
owe sb.some money
方法三:高级词汇替换基础词汇
原词替换词
① pay attention toattach importance to
② happy delighted,enjoyable
③ more and morethe increasing number of
方法四:同义表达积累串记
例1.should
Sb.ought to do sth.
Sb.be supposed to do sth.
Why not do sth.?
It is beneficial for sb.to do sth.
If I were you,I would do sth.
It is high time that sb.did sth.
例2.In my opinion/I think...从我的观点来看……
From my perspective,...
From my point of view,...
As far as I am concerned,...
Personally,...
方法五:话题词汇归类
对《考试大纲》的24个话题进行归类复习,通过话题积累词汇,归纳好词好句,模仿训练。
例如:关于和谐、繁荣、平等、诚信的话题词汇
harmonious(和谐的 );live in harmony(生活和谐 );prosperous(繁荣的 )—prosperity n.;honest(真诚的 );credible(诚信的);be public-spirited(有公德心的 );social morality(社会道德 );moral(道德的 )—morality n.;patriotic(爱国的 )等。
2.高级词汇运用
熟练应用英语基本词汇,在语境中运用高级词汇转换。
例1.Because the weather was good,our journey was comfortable.
Thanks to/Due to/Because of the good weather,our journey was comfortable.
例2.Suddenly I thought out a good idea.
①All of a sudden,a good idea occurred to me.
②A good idea jumped into my mind unexpectedly.
③Suddenly I thought of a good idea.
④A good idea suddenly struck/hit me.
突破训练:语境——技能提升,抓稳定。在写作教学中,教师应该尽量鼓励学生使用丰富多彩的语法结构。运用得当的句子结构可以使整篇文章增色生辉。
方法一:一句多译
As is known to all,environmental protection is important to us students.(2016 年全国卷Ⅱ书面表达 )
① It is known that environmental protection is of importance...
② What is known is that environmental protection is important...
③ As we all know,environmental protection is important...
方法二:记诵经典句式
There is no denying that planning is good,but doing is better.(2016年浙江卷书面表达)
① It can’t be denied that planning is good,but doing is better.
② It goes without saying that planning is good,but doing is better.
③ It is certain that planning is good,but doing is better.
方法三:巧用介词短语或者with复合结构
①常用结构:with a population of...
with a total area of...
with a long history of...years
② with+ 宾语 +adj./adv./介词短语 /to do/doing/done
③with引导的短语或者复合结构
方法四:使用高级语法结构
常用的高级语法结构主要有倒装句、强调句、从句、非谓语(包括独立成分和分词结构)以及虚拟语气。此外,还可以使用:形式主语it句型、被动句、感叹句和固定句式等。
例1.(2018年全国卷Ⅰ书面表达)
Besides,what is strongly suggested is bringing some gifts like red wine or cakes...(使用复合句:名词性从句作主语 )
In addition,bringing some gifts,like red wine or cakes,is strongly suggested...(使用非谓语动词:V-ing形式作主语,like介词短语作插入语)
What’s more,it is strongly suggested that you should bring some gifts like red wine or cakes...(使用 it作形式主语,that引导主语从句)
例2.(2018年全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)
We advise you to bring your notebooks so that you can write down some key information.
We advise that you carry your notebooks so as to set down a series of key information.(使用虚拟语气 )
例3.(2018年全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)
We can do a variety of sports—such as basketball,badminton and volleyball—in the gym,which contains various modern equipment and extensive athletic fields.(使用非限制性定语从句)
With various modern equipment and extensive athletic fields,the gym provides a place for us to do all kinds of sports,including basketball,badminton and volleyball.(使用 with 介词短语)
It is in the gym,which contains various modern equipment and extensive athletic fields,that we can do various sports,basketball,badminton and volleyball included.(使用强调句型)
例4.(2018年全国卷Ⅲ书面表达)
I hope that my introduction will attract you.(使用宾语从句)
Hope that my introduction will be of great interest to you.(使用 be of+n.高级结构 )
例5.(2017年全国卷Ⅱ书面表达)
On that day,many paper-cuttings will be displayed,and some creators will be present to share the stories of their creation.(并列句)
When the time comes,the hall will be full of many beautiful paper-cuttings as well as some makers sharing their creation stories.(when 引导状语从句,现在分词短语sharing...作后置定语)
On that day,not only will many paper-cuttings will be displayed,but some creation stories will be presented in the hall.(使用并列结构 not only...but(also)...、倒装句式和被动语态)
方法五:背诵经典范文
背诵书信常见开头语、结束语和写作模板,牢记经典范文,模仿写作,强化训练。
值得提醒的是,考生们在使用复杂句型和结构时,应根据书面表达的内容和篇章结构而定,做到正确表达、地道得体,千万不能生搬硬套,画蛇添足。
突破训练:应用——综合运用,促提高。组句成文常用的表达各种逻辑关系的过渡性词汇如下表所示:
逻辑角度过渡性词汇起始关系first of all,to begin with,above all,last but not least...并列关系and, too, as well as, along with, together with...举例关系 for example, for instance, like, such as, as to...转折关系 whereas, nevertheless, while, though, on the contrary...因果关系 due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result/consequence (of), on account of, hence...让步关系 even if, whether...or..., while, though...递进关系 what’s more, besides, to make matters worse, what’s worse, worse still, furthermore, moreover...总结概括 in a word, in short, to sum up, in conclusion, all in all...
恰当使用连接词或词组,使衔接过渡巧妙,做到:起——创设开端、承——承上启下、转——转折过渡、合——完美收尾。
“Rome was not built in a day,and practice makes perfect.”在书面表达训练过程中,学生不但需要广泛阅读,了解中西文化差异,见多识广,以读助写,而且需要背诵好词佳句、经典范文,分析文章结构,厘清逻辑关系,培养英语逻辑思维能力。同时教师应引导学生进行限时写作训练(20分钟),进行有效的语言输入输出,突出词汇句式的语用功能,强化微技能训练。从书面表达的结构、内容、逻辑、语言到书写,分类练习,有效讲评润色,努力达到高分写作“五美”的要求,精雕细琢方能出极品。