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在近几年高考英语全国卷的语法填空题和短文改错题中,对于形容词与副词的考查重点集中在形容词与副词间的相互转换,形容词与名词、动词间的相互转换、变形以及比较级和最高级等结构变形方面。对此教师应用解题秘诀,揭开这些“变形记”的面纱,以助考生一臂之力。
【破解秘诀】句子成分抓关键
1.形容词的功用及特点
形容词是用来描述和修饰名词或代词的一类词,用来说明人或事物的性质、特征。
充当的句子成分 位置例句作定语 常位于名词之前,若修饰复合不定代词则后置While I was in England, I felt homesick.作宾语补足语 位于宾语之后Professor Smith gave us an interesting lecture.Do you want anything special?作表语 位于系动词之后I find the film very exciting.作主语补足语 位于句末The classroom is kept tidy.
2.名题点击,洞察形容词考情考向
(1)(2018年全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)According to the World Bank,China accounts for about 30 percent of total 67(globe) fertilizer consumption.
【解析】global。空格处作定语修饰后面的名词fertilizer consumption, 因此应填 globe 的形容词形式global。
(2)(2017 年全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)However, be 69(care) not to go to extremes.
【解析】careful。空格处作be动词的表语,应填care的形容词形式careful。
(3)(2017 年全国卷Ⅰ短文改错)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle of the road.
【解析】suddenly→sudden。修饰名词stop作定语应该用形容词sudden,而不是副词suddenly,故将suddenly改为sudden。
(4)(改错)The driver got such a fright that he drove away quickly,leaving Jack helplessly on the spot.
【解析】helplessly→helpless。应用形容词helpless作宾语补足语,故将helplessly改为helpless。
(5)(改错)The workers were all made tired and boring because of overwork.
【解析】boring → bored。在句中“tired and boring”作主语补足语,补充说明主语“the workers”,故将boring改为bored。
1.副词的功用及特点
副词在句中作状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,其位置比较灵活。
在句中的功能 位置The super star is warmly welcomed by the students.修饰形容词 一般位于形容词前例句修饰动词 动词的前后She can’t swim very well.修饰整个句子 位于句首或句中The weather in December in Xinjiang is extremely cold.修饰副词 一般位于副词前Fortunately, I didn’t hurt when I fell.修饰介词短语 位于介词短语前The broom is just behind the door.
2.名题点击,洞察副词考情考向
(1)(2016 年全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)The title will be 63(official)given to me at a ceremony in London.
【解析】officially。空格处应填official的副词形式officially 来修饰动词 will be given。
(2)(2017年全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been 66 (fair)unpleasant for the passengers,with all the smoke and noise.
【解析】fairly。空格处应填fair的副词形式fairly来修饰形容词unpleasant。
(3)(改错)Although they have the same background,they behave slight differently.
【解析】slight→slightly。此处应将slight改为副词slightly来修饰后面的副词differently。
(4)(2018 年全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)A taste for meat is 63(actual)behind the change:...
【解析】actually。修饰介词短语 behind the change 应用actual的副词形式actually。
(5)(2018年全国卷Ⅲ短文改错)Immediate,I raised my hand.
【解析】Immediately。应用副词修饰整个句子,故将Immediate改为Immediately。
例词大多数的形容词直接加 ly slow adj. — slowly adv.辅音字母加 y 结尾的形容词变y为i加 ly lucky adj. — luckily adv.“元音字母 + e”和“辅音字母 + le”结尾的形容词去e 加ly true adj. — truly adv.simple adj. — simply adv.个别词不去 e 直接加 ly fortunate adj. — fortunately adv.后缀
【破解秘诀】构词知识须牢记
常见的动词、名词变形容词的后缀:-able,-ible,-ed,-ing,-ful,-less,-al,-ic,-ical,-ish,-ive,-ous,-y,-en,-ern,-ly等。
后缀 意义 用法 例词-a(i)ble 可(能)的 加在名词或及物动词之后 access n. — accessible adj.-ed 有……的,感到……的 加在名词或动词后,修饰人或人的表情 learn vt. — learned adj.-ing 令人……的 加在动词后,修饰物 convince vt. — convincing adj.-ful 充满……的,引起……的 加在动词或少数名词后 forget vt. — forgetful adj.-less 无……的,没有……的 加在名词后 use n. — useless adj.-al 有……性质的 加在名词后 nature n. — natural adj.-ic-ical ……性质的,与……有关的 加在外来名词后 atom n. — atomic adj.classics n. — classical adj.-ish 稍带……气的,民族的,……语的 加在名词后,用于民族、国家、地名后 child n. — childish adj.-ive 有……倾向,性质的 加在动词或名词后 instruct vt. — instructive adj.-ous 充满……的,有……特性 加在名词后 caution n. — cautious adj.-y 有……特性的,有……倾向的 加在名词后 cloud n. — cloudy adj.-en 由……制成的 加在物质名词后 wood n. — wooden adj.-ern ……方的 加在表示方向的名词后 west n. — western adj.-ly 每隔……时间,有……性质 加在名词后 year n. — yearly adj.
(1)(2015 年全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)In addition to their simple beauty,what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their 63 (able) to“air condition”a house without using electric equipment.
【解析】ability。空格前的“their”是形容词性物主代词,其后应接名词,因此应填able的名词形式ability。
(2)(语法填空)People certainly have a variety of reasons for going back to school but one important thing to know is,no knowledge is________(use).
【解析】useless。空格处在句中作表语应填形容词,根据语境:“没有知识是无用的”。可知,空格处应填与use语义相反的形容词useless。
(3)(2017 年全国卷Ⅲ短文改错)I enjoyed studying difference kinds of cars and planes,playing pop music,and collecting the latest music albums.
【解析】difference→different。形容词修饰名词,故将 difference改为 different。
(4)(2014 年全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)There were many people waiting at the bus stop,and some of them looked very anxious and_________(disappoint).
【解析】disappointed。考查动词变为形容词。分析句式结构可知,空格处作表语;由and连接两个并列成分可知,所填的词与anxious为并列关系且修饰人“some of them”,故填disappoint的形容词形式disappointed。
【破解秘诀】比较级与最高级,结构形式细思量
1.形容词与副词比较级和最高级规则变化
构成 原级 比较级 最高级单音节词一般加-er或-est high higher highest以字母e结尾只加-r或-st brave braver bravest以辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词,双写这个辅音字母再加-er或-est glad gladder gladdest以辅音字母加y结尾的词变y为i再加-er或-est early earlier earliest部分双音节词和多音节词在前加more或most fluently more fluently most fluently分词形容词在前加 more 或 most embarrassed more embarrassed most embarrassed表示“比……更不,最不”在形容词前加less或least frightened less frightened least frightened词尾是 -er,-le 和 -ow 的形容词有两种构成方式 narrow narrower/more narrow narrowest/most narrow
2.形容词与副词比较级和最高级不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级good/well better best bad/badly worse worst little less least much, many more most far farther, further farthest, furthest
1.运用“比较级+than”结构可表达一方超过或低于另一方的情况。
He made fewer mistakes than you did.
Air pollution has become more serious than ever before.
2.比较级有时可单独使用,其比较的对象暗含在句子中。
Are you feeling better today?
Further discussion will take place tomorrow.
3.“the+形容词或副词的最高级+比较范围”表示在某个范围内“最……”。
This is the best picture in the hall.
4.可以用来修饰比较级的单词和短语有much,far,still,even,rather,a little,a bit,a lot,a great deal及数量词、表示倍数的词等,常放在比较级的前面,表示比较级的程度加深。
I feel much better today.
5.“the+比较级……(主+谓),the+比较级……(主+谓)”表示“越……越……”。
The more you practice,the better you will understand.
6.“the+比较级 +of the two+名词”表示“两个中较……的”。
The taller of the two girls is my sister.
7.表示本身程度的改变时,用“比较级+and+比较级”,表示“越来越……”。
I hope that your newspaper will become more and more popular.
8.“否定词+比较级”表示最高级含义。
Mr.Stevenson is great to work for—I really couldn’t ask for a better boss.
Stevenson先生是一个不错的老板,我真的找不到一个比他还好的老板了。本句中“couldn’t...better”表示他是最好的老板。
(1)(2018年全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)According to a review of evidence in a medical journal,runners live three years 61 (long)than non-runners.
【解析】longer。由than可知,此处需要填写形容词long的比较级longer。
(2)(2017 年全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)Even 66 (bad),the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.
【解析】worse。even常放在比较级的前面表示比较级程度的加深。Even worse意为“更为糟糕的是”。
(3)(2017年全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)The Central London Railway was one of the most 70 (success)of these new lines,and was opened in 1900.
【解析】successful。该句为主系表结构,形容词最高级作表语,所以应填successful。
(4)(2018 年全国卷Ⅲ语法填空)He screams the 63 (loud)of all.
【解析】loudest。比较的范围为of all,所以应填形容词loud的最高级loudest。
(5)(2018 年全国卷Ⅲ短文改错)I was afraid to speak in front of a larger group of people.
【解析】larger→large。文中没有比较的含义,故将larger改为 large。
在形容词与副词间的相互转换,形容词与名词、动词间的相互转换、变形以及形容词和副词原级、比较级及最高级的转换、变形中,只要考生掌握了以下破解秘籍:“句子成分抓关键”“构词知识须牢记”“比较级与最高级,结构形式细思量”,辅之以不断的练习巩固,定会孰能生巧,争取高分突破。