利用“八大关系”，巧解“七选五”

贵州

“七选五”作为高考英语阅读理解的一部分，主要考查考生对文章整体内容、结构以及上下文逻辑关系的理解和掌握，旨在提高学生用英语获取信息、分析问题和解决问题的能力。

从语篇衔接的角度来说，“七选五”中的正确选项与文中空白处的前后句之间必然存在某一种关系或关联。解题时，首先要分析文章结构（多为总分结构），牢记一段一焦点（即一段只涉及主题的某一方面）；其次，重点分析空白处的前后句，运用以下“八大关系”，明确句际关系。

通过对2018年高考英语三套全国卷阅读理解部分“七选五”的分析和研究，笔者发现“八大关系”在各题中的应用如下：

题号卷区 36题 37题 38题 39题 40题卷Ⅰ 原词相关 指代相关 原词相关 指代相关、释义相关 逻辑相关卷Ⅱ 逻辑相关 同/近义词相关 原词相关 原词相关 同/近义词相关卷Ⅲ 释义相关 指代相关 释义相关 逻辑相关 逻辑相关

为了让大家更好地掌握和运用“八大关系”这一解题技巧，下面笔者结合近两年的高考英语全国卷和在日常教学中收藏的一些经典案例，一一道来，以飨读者。

一、原词相关

原词相关，也可称为原词复现。众所周知，原词复现是文中词汇的一种衔接手段，即同一个词或短语在文章的不同地方出现。这里的原词通常指某个关键的动词、名词或该词的同根词。解题时，可根据文中空白处前后或本段中的某个关键词（也称为信息焦点词，通常为动词或名词）在选项中是否出现，从而迅速锁定答案。

【例1】（2018年全国卷Ⅰ）

Color is fundamental in home design—something you’ll always have in every room.A grasp of how to manage color in your spaces is one of the first steps to creating rooms you’ll love to live in.Do you want a room that’s full of life?Professional?Or are you just looking for a place to relax after a long day?36,color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel.

A.While all of them are useful

B.Whatever you’re looking for

C.If you’re experimenting with a color

D.Small color choices are the ones we’re most familiar with

E.It’s not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces

F.So it pays to be sure,because you want to get it right the first time

G.Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways

解析：根据语境可知，空白处前三句都是一般疑问句，且信息焦点词：want,look for，语义相近，属于同/近义词。选项B中的“are looking for”与空白处前一句中的“are looking for”呼应，属于原词相关（原词复现），而且正是通过“are looking for”的衔接，对上文进行总结（color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel），故选B。

二、反义词相关

反义词相关，也可称为反义词复现，通常指文中空白处的前后或本段中某个关键词（动词、名词、形容词或副词）的反义词在正确选项中出现。

【例2】（2017年全国卷Ⅰ）

...We slept in a tent,cooked over an open fire,and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom.This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work,recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor’s bill for my son’s food poisoning.

I was,nevertheless,talked into going on another funfi lled holiday in the wilderness. 38 Instead,we had a popup camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner.My nature-loving friends had remembered to bring all the necessities of life.

A.This time there was no tent.

B.Things are going to be improved.

C.The trip they took me on was a rough one.

D.I was to learn a lot about camping since then,however.

E.I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.

F.After the trip,my family became quite interested in camping.

G.There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.

解析：空白处后一句中的“Instead”是解题的突破口，此词表示反义，意为“反而，而不是……”。根据上文中的“We slept in a tent...”和下文中的“Instead,we had a pop-up camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner.”可知 ,作者这次睡在“a pop-up camper（房车）”里，而不是睡在“a tent（帐篷）”里，此时，“camper”和“tent”构成相对反义词，故选A。

三、同/近义词相关

同/近义词相关，也可称为同/近义词复现，是指文中空白处的前后句或本段中的某个关键词（动词、名词、形容词或副词）的同/近义词在正确选项中出现。

【例3】（2018年全国卷Ⅱ）

●Your productivity is improved.Exercising makes you more awake and ready to handle whatever is ahead of you for the day.37

…

●40If you work out bright and early in the morning,you will be more likely to stick to healthy food choices throughout the day.Who would want to ruin their good workout by eating junk food?You will want to continue to focus on positive choices.

A.You will stick to your diet.

B.Your quality of sleep improves.

C.You prefer healthy food to fast food.

D.There is no reason you should exercise in the morning.

E.You can keep your head clear for4–10hours after exercise.

F.After you exercise,you continue to burn calories throughout the day.

G.If you are planning to do exercise regularly,or you’re doing it now,then listen up!

解析：根据前文所述，通过分析文章结构可知，该文为总分结构，且一段一焦点（即一段只涉及主题的某一方面）。就第37题而言，选项E中的“keep your head clear”与本段中的“makes you more awake”语义相近，属于同/近义相关，故选E；就第40题而言，根据语境可知，此段的信息焦点词是“stick to healthy food choices”和“continue to focus on positive choices”，二者与 A 选项中的“stick to your diet”属于同 /近义词相关，故选 A。

四、上下义词相关

上下义词相关是指文中空白处前后的某个词或某些词与正确选项的某个词或某些词之间存在上下义词的关系。上义词是对事物概括性或抽象性的说明；下义词则是对事物具体表现形式或更为具体的说明。如flower是上义词，而 rose,lily,tulip 则是它的下义词。

【例4】

18（B）Exposure to light during the time when you’re supposed to be sleeping can disrupt your body’s internal clock.Turn your light off,or use a very dim night light.19 They include windows,LED clocks,computer lights and cable boxes.

A.Try to avoid all sources of light.

B.Keep the room as dark as possible.

C.Make note of unusual circumstances.

D.Be mindful of what you eat or drink before bed.

E.Sleep is considered to be adequate only when there is no daytime sleepiness.

F.In other words,sudden change of sleeping time will affect your“biological clock”.

G.If you wake up in the middle of the night,make an effort to have a comfortable position.

解析：空白处后一句中的“windows,LED clocks,computer lights and cable boxes（下义词）.”与 A 选项中的“sources of light（上义词）”构成上下义词关系，故选 A。

五、指代相关

指代相关是指文中空白处前后句中的某个名词或代词与正确选项中的某个代词或名词之间存在指代关系。此时，准确理解该代词的指代范围或内容是解题的关键。如果空白处后一句中出现代词（尤其是人称代词、指示代词或替代词）时，往往可根据代词的指代关系来解题。

【例5】（2018年全国卷Ⅰ）

Over the years,there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point.37,they can get a little complex.But good news is that there’re really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home：the small ones,the medium ones,and the large ones.

A.While all of them are useful

B.Whatever you’re looking for

C.If you’re experimenting with a color

D.Small color choices are the ones we’re most familiar with

E.It’s not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces

F.So it pays to be sure,because you want to get it right the first time

G.Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways

解析：根据语境可知，选项A中的“them”指代的是空白处前一句中的“different techniques”，故选A。

六、句式结构相关

句式结构相关是指空白处的前句或后句与正确选项的句式结构相同，类似于汉语中的排比句，旨在达到理想的表达效果。常考的句式结构有：祈使句、疑问句、感叹句、主谓（宾）结构、主系表结构等。

【例6】

If your interviewer asks you what you think of the company’s recent efforts,the last thing you want to do is just stare back.Do your research.40 Who founded it?What is their goal?You want to show the employer that you care enough to read up on who they are.

A.When was the company founded?

B.You may not be able to recover from it.

C.Too loose,you’re weak or not confident.

D.You’re expected to ask intelligent questions.

E.Here are a few tips that help you make your first impression.

F.By doing this,you can leave a good impression in your interview.

G.Being late will ruin your first impression in the eyes of your interviewer.

解析：根据语境可知，正确选项应与空白处的后两句在句式上形成一致关系，即为疑问句，并对前句中“research”一词的具体内容进行解释，故选A。

七、释义相关

释义相关是指文中空白处的前句或后句与正确选项之间为释义关系。常见的释义方式有解释、举例或讲故事。此时，空白处往往是文章或段落的主题句（通常位于段首或第一段的段尾）或文中的小标题。

【例7】（2018年全国卷Ⅲ）

Before there was the written word,there was the language of dance.Dance expresses love and hate,joy and sorrow,life and death,and everything else in between.

36We dance from Florida to Alaska,from north to south and sea to sea.We dance at weddings,birthdays,office parties and just to fill the time.

…

38“I can tell you about one young couple,”says Bridges.“They’re learning to do traditional dances.They arrive at the class in low spirits and they leave with a smile.39（F）”

A.So why do we dance?

B.Dance in the U.S.is everywhere.

C.If you like dancing outdoors,come to America.

D.My older students say it makes them feel young.

E.I keep practicing even when I’m extremely tired.

F.Dancing seems to change their feeling completely.

G.They stayed up all night long singing and dancing.

解析：根据第36题前后的语境可知，选项B（Dance in the U.S.is everywhere.）与其后一句“We dance from Florida to Alaska,from north to south and sea to sea.”构成释义关系，故选B；同理，第38题的后文通过一个事例与选项A也构成释义关系，即通过举例的方式来解释“我们为什么跳舞”，故选A。

八、逻辑相关

逻辑相关是指文中空白处的前句或后句与正确选项之间一定存在某一种逻辑关系。逻辑关系有显性的，即有逻辑信号词，如because,so,however等；逻辑关系也有隐性的，即前后句之间没有逻辑信号词。此时，一定要认真分析空白处前句或后句与某一备选项之间的句际关系，根据两句之间存在的某一种符合语境的逻辑关系来解题。常见的句际逻辑关系有因果关系、转折关系、并列关系、递进关系、条件关系、让步关系、对比关系和顺序关系等，而因果关系是考查的重点。

【例8】（2018年全国卷Ⅰ）

The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls,ceilings, and floors.Whether you’re looking at wallpaper or paint,the time,effort and relative expense put into it are significant.40.

A.While all of them are useful

B.Whatever you’re looking for

C.If you’re experimenting with a color

D.Small color choices are the ones we’re most familiar with

E.It’s not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces

F.So it pays to be sure,because you want to get it right the first time

G.Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways

解析：根据语境，通过综合分析可知，空白处前一句（不管你考虑墙纸还是涂料，这种大面积的颜色选择所投入的时间、精力和相关费用都是相当多的）只有同选项F（因此，做到心中有数是值得的，因为你想一步到位。）才能构成一种合理的逻辑关系——因果关系。故选F。

最后，需要特别指出的是，认真分析，我们会发现每道题的解答方法往往不止一种。所以，如果能灵活运用“八大关系”，我们就会巧解“七选五”，这样既节省时间，又可大幅度提高答题的正确率。