一、词义猜测题基本情况分析
高考《考试说明》明确要求考生在阅读理解中应能根据上下文提供的线索推测生词的词义。词义猜测题型在高考阅读中占有一定份量,大多数学生在这方面的技能显得薄弱,猜词能力较弱,缺乏具体、系统的方法,因此,针对此题型的训练就显得很有必要。猜测词义的阅读理解题型,重点考查的不是学生词汇量的多少,而是考查是否具有利用语境线索,推测和判断词义的能力。解答这类试题最重要的方法是理解含生词部分的上下文来推测其意思。
【常见提问方式】
1. The word “...” refers to/probably means...
2. The underlined word “...” could best be replaced by...
3. What do you think the expression “...” stand for?
4. By saying “...” we mean...
5. “...” as used in the passage can best be defined as...
6. Which of the following word can take the place of the word “...”?
二、詞义猜测题解题技巧
技巧一:利用上下文语境线索
任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的,都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索,进行合乎逻辑的综合分析来推测词义是阅读过程中的关键抓手,也是高考的热点。
例题:Charlottes tale was inspired by the girls coin collection. “Weve collected foreign coins for years—since our families went on holiday to Tenerife,” she explains. “That was before the Euro, so we put pesetas in.”
The underlined word “pesetas” in Paragraph 2 is a kind of .
A. story B. collection
C. inspirationD. foreign coin
【解析】 由原文中的Euro(欧元,欧洲统一货币)可推知该词是一种在欧元发行前使用的钱币。本题正确答案为D。
技巧二:根据定义或解释猜测词义
阅读文章中的有些生词尤其是新闻报导及科普类文章中的生词,往往在其后有对该词进行解释说明性的短语或句子,如to be, that is, stand for, namely, to refer to, to mean, in other words等,有时也以同位语、定语从句的形式出现,或用破折号、括号来表示。
1. 直接定义:如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义,理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。定义句的谓语动词多为:be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent, be defined as等。
例题: In slang the term jam refers to a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.
【解析】 根据上下文的定义可知jam一词在俚语中的意思是 “困境”。
2. 同位语:构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接,有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引号和括号等。需要注意的是:同位语前还常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say, i.e. 等副词或短语出现。
3. 定语从句:定语从句有时起着解释和说明的作用,据此我们可以推断出所修饰词的含义。
例题:The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.
答案:定语从句中looks after sheep就表明了herdsman 的词义为“牧羊人”。
技巧三:利用因果关系
在句子或段落中,若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系,我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。
例1:Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.
【解析】 根据原因状语从句的内容,我们可以推断出生词autocratic指“独断专行的”。
批注:因果关系的语境,通常由because, since, as, for, due to, thus, so, therefore, so that, so / such... that... 等连词体现。
例2:The biggest power failure happened yesterday. All of our ice cream and frozen foods melted.
【解析】 melted “融化”。既然停电,必然造成冰激凌和冷冻食品的“融化”。
技巧四:利用对比或转折关系
为了增强表达效果,有时文章作者会用一对反义词揭示事物的不同点,形成鲜明的对比,这时只要把握其中的一词,就不难推出另一词的含义,这种句子多见unlike, although, but, yet, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, for one thing, for another, instead of, rather than, however, otherwise, though等信息詞。
例1:Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest.
【解析】 该例中supercilious对许多人来说可能是个生词,但是句中短语in contrast(相对照的,相对比的)提示我们supercilious和后面词组humble and modest(谦卑又谦虚)是对比关系。分析出这种关系后,我们便能猜出supercilious意为“目空一切的,傲慢的”。
例2:“Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills cant be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.”
The underlined word “cultivated” roughly means .
A. encouraged B. compared
C. examined D. developed
答案:从上句的对比可知,领导能力不是swallowed down,而是慢慢培养的。答案为D。
技巧五:利用同义线索和同等关系
同义词替换可以为我们推测词义提供明显的语境线索。一些常见的引出同义词的标志性词语有similarly, like, just as, also, as well等。
如:Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk与生词loquacious之间为类比关系。以此可以推断出loquacious词义为“健谈的”。同等关系是指一个词、一组词或短语在句中作同一成分,而且他们的词义属同一范畴。只要我们认识其中一个或几个词或短语,即可确定同等关系中生词的词性、作用和大概意思。在句子或段落中,我们可以利用熟悉的词语,根据语言环境推断生词词义。
例1:Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.
【解析】 为避免重复使用endanger一词用其同义词jeopardize来替代它,由此推知jeopardize词义为“使……陷入危险,危及、危害”。
我们可以根据上下文与生词密切相关的句子,对生词进行合情合理同时合乎上下文语境的推测。我们也可以根据生词后举出的有关例子进行适当归纳,猜测生词的词义。
例2:You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in Schools, or English Learning.
【解析】 根据下文举出的英语杂志名称可知,periodicals是“期刊”之意。
有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时,就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。
例3:The snake slithered through the grass.
【解析】 根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识,我们可以推断出slither的词义为“爬行”。
例4:... But sometimes I just feel loath to talk to these people. Sometimes, I just want to be alone, quietly, without being forced to listen to their gossip or other useless words.
The underlined word “loath” in this paragraph has the closest meaning to .
A. unwilling B. eager
C. pleasedD. hurt
【解析】 根据后面的语境“我宁愿安静地独处,不愿意去听这些闲言碎语”,可见作者“不愿意”与这些人说话。故loath是“不愿意”之意,故正确答案为A。
技巧六:利用例证性线索
某些生僻的词汇后会举一个例子,使词汇具体易懂。such, such as, like, for example, for instance, especially, consist of, include等连接性词语往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的名词。
例题:Many United Nations employees are polyglots: Mr. Simpson, for example, speaks five languages fluently.
【解析】 通过例举Mr. Simpson一人通晓五国语言,说明许多联合国雇员都是“通晓多国语言的人”。
技巧七:根据构词法
阅读中常会遇到一些由所熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词,可利用构词法知识来推测其意思。《教学大纲》已经明确地将构词法列在语法附表中,因此利用所学构词法生成的词不应被认定为生词。英语单词的构成方法主要有三种,即复合法、派生法和转化法。英语单词大多是由词根、词头(前缀)、词尾(后缀)所组成。词根是单词最基本的部分,表达单词的基本含义。在词根前头或后头加上前缀或后缀,可以用来引申或转变原词的意义。只要我们掌握了各种词根、词头、词尾的基本含义,那么就可以很容易地猜测所构成的新词的含义了。中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有:
super(超), inter(在……之间), able(能……的), mini(极少的,微型的), micro(极微小的), re(再,反复), sub(分支的,底下), co(共同), post(后), pre(前), trans(超越;转换), under(在……之下;低于……;不足), hood(状态;性质;时期), ish (如……的;有点儿……的); proof(防……的;……不能穿透的), scope(景), ship(身份;资格;权力;性质), some(易于……的), wards(向), mis(误;恶), un(不;非), in(不;非), im(不;非), dis(不), non(不;非),less(不;无), anti(反;防), sino(中国)。
例1:Sharks are among the few animals in the world that almost never get cancer and eye cataracts. Understanding why can help us improve human health. Chemicals extracted from shark cartilage have killed cancerous tumors in laboratory animals, a research that someday could help prolong your life.
The underlined word “prolong” in the paragraph means .
A. save B. protect
C. lengthenD. improve
【解析】 根据构词法来判断词义。prolong 是个派生词,前缀pro是“支持,亲”之意,long是“长”之意,故可判断prolong是“延长(寿命)”的意思,故正确答案为C。
例2:Exhibition officials said that a person bitten by one of these snakes would need at least 80 ml of an antipoison medicine to be saved.
答案:antipoison是由poison加前缀anti构成的,anti意思是“反对、排斥、抵抗”,由此可猜出antipoison是“解毒、抗毒”的意思。
技巧八:注意熟词生义
英语中大量的词汇具有多义性,其含义并非完全等同于词典所标注的汉语意思,具体的词义需要在一定的上下文中体现出来。阅读理解中的熟词生义比生词本身的障碍要大得多。考生根据自己记忆的单词含义随意套用,很容易出现误解。
下题中划线的词可换为:
例1:New York, 10 November, 5:27 p.m., yesterday. Biggest power failure in the citys history.
A. enoughB. not passing
C. lack ofD. lack
【解析】 failure是fail 变来的名词,有“失败;失败者;失败的事”的意思。本句power failure可翻译为“停电”。再如:crop failure“庄稼欠收”;heart failure“心力衰竭”。本题正确答案为D。
例2:A bike tour and race will be held in August 26 and 27. At 5:30 a.m., the riders will leave Tianan Men square and ride the first 35 kilometers as a training leg. Then the next 55 kilometers from Yanjiao to Jixian, will be the first competitive part of the tour.
A. raceB. practice
C. part of the training D. part of the tour
【解析】 從first 35 kilometers可看出,自行车赛车手从天安门出发,开始的三十五公里作为赛程的一部分,从后句... leg ... will be ... part of the tour也可确定答案为D。
批注:熟词生义是高考考查的重点,平时在记忆单词时,多注意其特殊的用法,最好能够熟读成诵。
技巧九:利用词性转化
例题:The aging of the population will affect American society in many ways—education, medicine, and business.
The underlined word “aging” means .
A. counting the number of years someone lives
B. the number of years someone lives
C. becoming older
D. making someone look older
【解析】 我们熟悉的是age作名词用时是“年龄”的意思,而此处是作动词用,意思是“老龄化”。本题正确答案为C。
(作者:殷华新,泰州市第三高级中学)