以课本为基、学生阅读兴趣延展为阶的英文原版阅读
——以《芒果街上的小屋》为例

2019-01-10 11:40安徽张婷婷
教学考试(高考英语) 2019年6期
关键词:叙述者原著笔者

安徽 张婷婷

在多篇经过节选或改编后进入高中英语教材的英文原著文章中,墨西哥裔美国女作家Sandra Cisneros 的成名作《芒果街上的小屋》同名篇章The House on Mango Street 被收录为北师大版高中英语教材模块二第六单元第四课阅读课文,其生动形象地描述了现实和梦想中的住房,语言幽默诙谐,寓意发人深省。笔者认为这是一篇能够和学生产生心灵共鸣、激发学生阅读兴趣并使其得以延展的绝佳文本。本文原著不仅是美国当代最著名的成长经典之一,还有着“诗小说”的美誉。全书由44 节短小的独白片断构成,以居住在芝加哥拉美移民社区芒果街上的女孩Esperanza的视角讲述童真与成长、生命的美好、年轻的热望与梦想。虽然每节话题相对独立,但它们有着内在的关联,且每篇词汇量不大,正适合与课本选文相结合让学生进行英文原著扩展阅读,使学生在学习品味语言的同时思考探索其深刻的寓意,从而得到语言能力的提升和思维能力的训练。本文将以《芒果街上的小屋》为例,探索以课本文章为出发点、以学生阅读兴趣延展为导引线,选取英文原版阅读对发展学生思维品质、提升学生学习能力的积极作用。

一、做课文的拓展,提升自信,增强英语学习成就感

高考英语阅读理解题和完形填空题的素材皆由外刊或外网原文节选改编而来已不是秘密,且英语教育专家们也反复强调英文原版阅读对英语学习的意义。英文原著对学生有着天然的吸引力,在英文原版阅读中,学生能够获得原汁原味的语言体验,感受英语的韵律、节奏和修辞之美,真正实现用英语思维、英语语言解决问题。但是,大多数英文原著篇幅较长,有的甚至晦涩难懂,加上学生课内外时间、词汇量有限等客观问题,未经选择的英文原版阅读只会适得其反,往往会造成高中生读者信心受挫以致浅尝辄止、半途而废。由此可见,材料的选择和教师的正确引导尤为重要。《芒果街上的小屋》以一种诗歌和小说的混合文体、新颖而生动的笔法,以一个十几岁的敏感小女孩的叙述者身份实现了和同龄读者的心灵对话。学生在读得懂的基础上深入理解,提升了英语学习的自信和成就感。在教师选文的基础上,学生还可以自主阅读此小说的其他篇章。有了读完一本英文原著小说的经历,感兴趣或有意向读其他英文原著的学生还会来寻求推荐,养成阅读英文原著的习惯。

二、作为课文阅读的背景,激发兴趣,提高思维参与度

子曰:“知之者不如好之者,好之者不如乐之者。”“好知”和“乐知”阐述了兴趣在学习中的重要性。兴趣决定了学生学习时思维的参与度,而教师的引领决定了学生学习兴趣的形成、发展和延续。拿The House on Mango Street的阅读课来说,教师与其仅仅在课堂上放几张文章作者的图片和文字介绍让学生被动接受信息,不如从原著中选取一个短篇作为课前阅读作业并辅以相关问题,引导学生在主动阅读中对作者的写作风格及叙述者的个性特征形成初步的了解和思考,从而对课本选文产生延续性的阅读兴趣和更深层次的理解。

My Name

In English my name means hope.In Spanish it means too many letters.It means sadness,it means waiting.It is like the number nine.A muddy color.It is the Mexican records my father plays on Sunday mornings when he is shaving,songs like sobbing.

It was my great-grandmother’s name and now it is mine.She was a horse woman too,born like me in the Chinese year of the horse — which is supposed to be bad luck if you’re born female — but I think this is a Chinese lie because the Chinese,like the Mexicans,don’t like their women strong.

My great-grandmother.I would’ve liked to have known her,a wild,horse of a woman,so wild she wouldn’t marry.Until my great-grandfather threw a sack over her head and carried her off.Just like that,as if she were a fancy chandelier.That’s the way he did it.

And the story goes she never forgave him.She looked out the window her whole life,the way so many women sit their sadness on an elbow.I wonder if she made the best with what she got or was she sorry because she couldn’t be all the things she wanted to be.Esperanza.I have inherited her name,but I don’t want to inherit her place by the window.

At school they say my name funny as if the syllables were made out of tin and hurt the roof of your mouth.But in Spanish my name is made out of a softer something,like silver,not quite as thick as sister’s name Magdalena—which is uglier than mine.Magdalena who at least—can come home and become Nenny.But I am always Esperanza.

I would like to baptize myself under a new name,a name more like the real me,the one nobody sees.Esperanza as Lisandra or Maritza or Zeze the X.Yes.Something like Zeze the X will do.

(文章来源于小说The House on Mango Street)

此节仅有326 词,高中学生基本可以无词汇困难、无语法障碍地阅读;明快的节奏、稚气而又意味深长的话语像同龄人的诉说直击着学生读者的心灵。在短篇后,笔者设置了4 个问题引导学生对叙述者名字的寓意展开思考:

(1) In Paragraph 1,the narrator’s name has various meanings in different languages,such as“hope”,“sadness”,“waiting”,what do they imply about the narrator’s current state? (2) What does the narrator mean by the underlined sentence in Paragraph 4? (3) Why does the narrator want a new name? (4) What kind of person is the narrator? 学生经过思考,针对这些问题提出自己的见解,认为文章叙述者通过对自己名字的阐述表达了渴望改变、想成为命运主宰者的愿望,文章叙述者是一个有着强烈自我意识和意志的女孩。笔者发现基于课文选取的此篇英文原版文章在锻炼学生语言能力、发展思维能力的同时,能够有效地激发学生阅读兴趣。有别于几张图片或片断性文字介绍所激发的浅层次兴趣,完整的同源短篇阅读能够和学生产生思想共鸣,使学生在阅读课文时有着好似追剧时希望看到下一集的热切。因此,笔者认为基于课本选取的英文原版阅读材料能够更好地激发学生学习兴趣、增加学生思维的深度,从而提高阅读教学的效度。

三、与课文阅读并行,延展兴趣,培养创造性思维

在对The House on Mango Street 一课进行教学设计时,笔者意图引领学生由浅入深地进行阅读理解。先整体阅读、讨论文章的段落安排和大意;再提取、学习关于房屋的描述性语言;接着品味精彩的词汇和幽默的语句,通过科学的设疑引导学生对语言的表意手段和情感表达进行感知和赏析;最后对文章的主题进行探讨和提炼。得益于课前英文原著短篇阅读,学生能够兴趣盎然地完成阅读任务,游刃有余地把握文章主旨和寓意。

诚然,教材中的阅读文章都已有相关问题设置,教师也会在备课时合理地选用、改编或结合学生阅读水平重新设问来帮助学生深度理解文章。但笔者认为,不同的学生阅读文章后产生的不同疑问未必已经囊括在预设问题之中,甚至无法通过阅读课文得到解答。比如说,在The House on Mango Street 课文阅读理解完成后,笔者曾在课堂上提问“Are there any questions about this text?”,有学生小声说:Does she get her dream house later in her life ? Or is it just a dream? 全班学生哄堂大笑,因为这个学生提出了一个课文内容无法解答还有点故意搞笑的问题。也许还有其他学生有渴望提出而不敢提出的见解,因为害怕偏离课堂主题而受到同学的调侃和老师的责备,但很多时候这就是思维发散的结果。那么,此时教师是责备、置之不理还是积极回应?不同的反应会对学生的思维习惯和思维能力产生深远的影响。疑问是思维的发生处,也是培养学生创造性思维的关键点。疑问若被遏制,兴趣则被阻断,思维被迫停止;疑问若能释放并得到正确的解答或引导,兴趣得以延展,思维也犹如添翼。笔者认为,教师不应草率地扼杀学生思想的萌芽,应鼓励、启发学生生疑,在潜移默化中帮助学生形成发散性思维,在此良性循环中也会有更多学生对文本作出创造性的解读和批判性的思考。因此,基于课文以及学生思维发散的预设可从原著中选取短篇,以此来实现学生阅读兴趣的延展和思维品质的升华。

(1)

A House of My Own

Not a flat.

Not an apartment in back.

Not a man’s house.

Not a daddy’s.

A house all my own.

With my porch and my pillow,my pretty purple petunias.

My books and my stories.

My two shoes waiting beside the bed.

Nobody to shake a stick at.

Nobody’s garbage to pick up after.

Only a house quiet as snow,

a space for myself to go,

clean as paper before the poem.

(2)

Mango Says Goodbye Sometimes

I like to tell stories.I tell them inside my head.I tell them after the mailman says.Here’s your mail.Here’s your mail he said.

I make a story for my life,for each step my brown shoe takes.I say,“And so she trudged up the wooden stairs,her sad brown shoes taking her to the house she never liked.”

I like to tell stories.I am going to tell you a story about a girl who didn’t want to belong.

We didn’t always live on Mango Street.Before that we lived on Loomis on the third floor,and before that we lived on Keeler.Before Keeler it was Paulina,but what I remember most is Mango Street,sad red house,the house I belong but do not belong to.

I put it down on paper and then the ghost does not ache so much.I write it down and Mango says goodbye sometimes.She does not hold me with both arms.She sets me free.

One day I will pack my bags of books and paper.One day I will say goodbye to Mango.I am too strong for her to keep me here forever.One day I will go away.

Friends and neighbors will say,what happened to that Esperanza? Where did she go with all those books and paper?Why did she march so far away?

They will not know I have gone away to come back.For the ones I left behind.For the ones who cannot out.

这两个短篇是小说的最后两节,叙述者Esperanza 再次谈到她梦想中的住所和芒果街上的房子,但其和课文在叙述方式和内容上都有所不同,笔者认为可以安排在课文阅读之后,设置问题引导学生分析课文和这两个短篇之间的关联和差异以及产生差异的原因,进而推断出它们之间的逻辑关系,再次构建对房子寓意和小说主旨的认识。例如:相比于课文中对梦想之屋的描述,选篇(1)短促的句式铿锵有力,显示了叙述者意志的坚决和意识的成长。学生不难发现,叙述者从对“our house”的幻想变成了对“a house of my own”的强调,并把这间房子比喻成写诗前的白纸,有任凭自己去创造的自由。课文是小说的第一节,选篇(2)是最后一节,教师可以让学生阅读、思考并讨论以下三个问题:(1)Why does the narrator repeatedly say“I like to tell stories?”(2)What does she mean by the last paragraph?(3)Compared with the text in the book,what’s the writing purpose of this chapter? 有前两个问题作为铺垫,部分学生最终能够分析出选篇(2)是童年梦想的一个回声,更是一种声明。叙述者Esperanza 在小说的结尾处告诉自己以及她想象的读者们:她已经找到了自己热爱的、去实现独立的方法——写作,并渴望通过自己的文字激励其他“受困者”找到自己的内心和声音。笔者认为,这两节文章的阅读能够为部分学生对课文产生的思维发散提供养料,也在为所有学生创造性思维的形成提供台阶。

《普通高中英语课程标准(2017 年版)》建议教师要引导学生将课内学习与课外学习有机结合,确保每周的课外阅读量不少于2500 词,总量不少于10 万词;教师应积极与学生共同开发更为丰富和更有价值的学习资源。因此,笔者认为基于课文,以学生阅读兴趣延展为阶梯去选择原版阅读材料更能够体现学生在学习中的主体地位,更利于实现课内外阅读的有机融合、发展学生思维品质并提升学生学习能力的积极作用。

猜你喜欢
叙述者原著笔者
驯烈马
漂流瓶
课后泛读的有益尝试——原著阅读
老师,别走……
《漫漫圣诞归家路》中的叙述者与叙述话语
换位思考,教育更精彩
“我”是“不可信的叙述者”么?——鲁迅作品《祝福》中的叙事者之探讨
“我”是“不可信的叙述者”么?——鲁迅作品《祝福》中的叙事者之探讨
老师,你为什么不表扬我
以比尔为叙述者讲述《早秋》