刘盛杰 张振 王者 赵岩 杨新宇
【摘要】 目的:探究血管影像检查阴性的原因不明的蛛网膜下腔出血患者预后的危险因素,并对患者进行长期临床随访,观察患者长期预后。方法:回顾性分析2011年4月-2014年5月天津医科大学总医院神经外科收治的92例血管影像学检查阴性的蛛网膜下腔出血患者的临床资料。对92例患者的性别、年龄(≤60岁、>60岁)、有无高血压病史、有无糖尿病病史、是否吸烟进行单因素和多因素分析。
结果:单因素分析显示,不明原因的蛛网膜下腔出血患者的年龄、高血压与不良预后均存在相关性(P<0.05),而性别、糖尿病、吸烟与患者预后均不相关(P>0.05)。Logistic回归分析提示年龄、高血压是影响预后的危险因素(P<0.05)。出院后成功随访62例患者,其中1例死于心脏病,1例患慢性硬膜下血肿,3例患者出现脑梗死,无再次出血患者。结论:高血压、高龄为不明原因的蛛网膜下腔出血患者预后不良的危险因素,出院时mRS 0~1分患者长期预后良好。
【关键词】 阴性蛛网膜下腔出血; 危险因素; mRS评分; 预后
Analysis of Prognostic Risk Factors of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage with Unknown Causes and Long-term Clinical Follow-up/LIU Shengjie,ZHANG Zhen,WANG Zhe,et al.//Medical Innovation of China,2018,15(26):-125
【Abstract】 Objective:To explore the risk factors for the prognosis of patients with angiography negative subarachnoid hemorrhage,and to observe the long-term prognosis of patients by long-term clinical follow-up.
Method:The clinical data of 92 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage who were admitted to the General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University from April 2011 to May 2014 were retrospectively analyzed.The gender,age(less than 60 years old,>60 years old),history of hypertension,history of diabetes and smoking were analyzed.Result:Univariate analysis showed that age,hypertension and poor prognosis of patients with unexplained subarachnoid hemorrhage were correlated(P<0.05),while gender,diabetes,smoking were not correlated with patient prognosis (P>0.05).Logistic regression analysis suggested that age and hypertension were risk factors for prognosis(P<0.05).After discharge,62 patients were successfully followed up,including 1 patient who died of heart disease,1 patient with chronic subdural hematoma,3 patients with cerebral infarction, and no patients with recurrent hemorrhage.Conclusion:Hypertension and advanced age are the risk factors for the prognosis of patients with angiography negative subarachnoid hemorrhage,the long-term prognosis of mRS 0-1 patients is good.
【Key words】 Angiography negative subarachnoid hemorrhage; Risk factor; mRS score; Prognosis
First-authors address:Tianjin Medical University General Hospital,Tianjin 300052,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2018.26.031
蛛網膜下腔出血是神经外科医生常见的临床疾病,自发性蛛网膜下腔出血多由动脉瘤破裂出血所致,较少原因为脑血管畸形破裂或动脉夹层、肿瘤及其他血管异常;DSA仍然是确诊蛛网膜下腔出血原因的金标准[1-2];临床上时常能遇到影像检查不能确诊原因的蛛网膜下腔出血,占总数的2%~24%[3];其出血原因多认为可能为静脉源性[4]。血管影像阴性蛛网膜下腔出血患者预后危险因素不明确[5],长期随访研究较少。本研究旨在探究影响血管影像检查阴性的原因不明的蛛网膜下腔出血患者预后的危险因素。此外,对患者进行长期临床随访,观察患者长期预后。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 天津医科大学总医院神经外科在2011年4月-2014年5月收住院完善血管检查的蛛网膜下腔出血患者共404例,其中首次未发现病因的为93例,三个月后1例复查脑血管造影诊断为动脉瘤;不明原因蛛网膜下腔出血为92例,纳入标准:首次或复查脑血管影像学检查无阳性发现;排除标准:血管影像发现蛛网膜下腔出血的病因及外伤所致蛛网膜下腔出血。对这92例患者的临床资料进行回顾分析。该研究已经医院伦理学委员会批准。
1.2 方法 (1)根据患者的性别、年龄(≤60岁、>60岁)、有无高血压病史、有无糖尿病病史、是否吸烟进行分类。(2)以改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin scale,mRS)评价患者恢复情况。改良Rankin量表:0分为完全无症状;1分为尽管有症状,但无明显功能障碍,能完成所有日常工作和生活;2分为轻度残疾,不能完成病前所有活动,但不需帮助能照料自己的日常事务;3分为中度残疾,需部分帮助,但能独立行走;4级为中重度残疾,不能独立行走,日常生活需别人帮助;5分为重度残疾,卧床,二便失禁,日常生活完全依赖他人;6分为死亡;0~1分为预后良好,2~6分为预后不良。本研究对MRS评分为0~1分的患者进行长期(6个月、1.5年、3年)随访。
1.3 统计学处理 采用SPSS 17.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料用(x±s)表示,比较采用t检验;计数资料以率(%)表示,比较采用字2检验,多因素采用Logistic回归分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 患者的一般资料 92例患者中:男48例(52.2%),女44例(47.8%);年龄>60岁36例(39.1%),年龄≤60岁56例(60.9%);高血压患者45例(48.9%),无高血压患者47例(51.1%);糖尿病患者10例(10.9%),无糖尿病患者82例(89.1%);吸烟患者23例(25.0%),不吸烟患者69例(75.0%)。
2.2 单因素分析 不明原因的蛛网膜下腔出血患者的年龄、高血压与不良预后均存在相关性(P<0.05),而性别、糖尿病、吸烟与患者预后均不相关(P>0.05),见表1。
2.3 多因素分析 Logistic回归分析多项危险因素对血管影像检查阴性的原因不明的蛛网膜下腔出血患者预后的影响,提示年龄、高血压为影响患者预后的危险因素(P<0.05),见表2。
2.4 随访结果 对出院时mRS评分为0~1分的
77例患者进行了6个月、1.5年、3年随访;其中15例患者随访失败,62例患者成功随访,1例死于心脏病,1例出院后3个月无头部外伤史出现慢性硬膜下血肿,后经治疗痊愈,3例患者出现脑梗死,无再次出血患者。
3 讨论
自发性蛛网膜下腔出血的患者中有2%~24%影像检查不能确诊出血原因。这些患者已经逐渐被神经外科医生所认识和重视,其出血原因可能为小脑幕边缘静脉结构破裂,或在中脑附近的细动脉血管破裂,但仍不明确[6];普遍认为其预后一般较动脉瘤蛛网膜下腔出血良好[7],但二次出血、脑缺血、脑积水等并发症仍存在[8-11]。本研究92例不明原因的SAH患者中,二次出血者1例,约占1.1%;脑缺血者为2例,约占2.2%(其中1例为基底节区梗死,1例为一过性脑缺血);脑积水者2例,约占2.2%,均不需行脑室腹腔分流手术。
影响预后的危险因素目前研究较少,有研究认为与抗栓治疗相关[12-13];也有报道认为预后与性别、年龄、抗凝治疗、高血压、吸烟及酒精滥用有关[14];在本研究中,因病例中抗凝治疗及酒精滥用患者很少,沒作为分类标准,本研究结果认为:高龄、高血压病为影响不明原因SAH患者预后的危险因素,而性别、吸烟、糖尿病均无明显相关性。
在本研究中,预后不良的15例患者中13例死亡,其中8例在医院死亡、5例自动出院后短期内死亡,13例患者中入院Hunt和Hess分级5级者2例、4级者4例(其中1例二次出血)、3级者3例、2级者4例,Hunt和Hess分级2级的死亡患者1例既往肝硬化、肝癌、凝血功能障碍病史,住院期间合并胸腔积液、肺不张、低蛋白血症,1例住院期间并发胰腺炎、肠梗阻,1例住院期间并发血小板减少,1例发现结核性脑膜炎;预后不良的15例患者中另外2例入院Hunt和Hess分级均2级,1例并发肺栓塞,出院mRS 4级,1例并发脑积水,出院mRS 3级;故认为不明原因的SAH患者预后与入院时Hunt和Hess分级及合并疾病、并发症密切相关。
血管检查阴性的不明原因蛛网膜下腔出血患者预后较好[15],国外有报道认为尽管阴性蛛网膜下腔出血被认为是一个良性病理过程[16],但出血会对患者的社会交往及工作产生长远影响[17-18];在国内长期预后随访报道较少,笔者通过对患者的长期随访提示此类患者长期预后良好,再次出血罕见;与文献[19-20]报道相似。
但由于本研究病例数量较少,某些分析结果说服力不强;预后不良的15例患者因病情较重或其他原因只有5例完成了DSA检查,其余均为头CTA检查;且均未行脑血管复查;故存在一定的局限性,尚有待大样本、多中心研究影响血管影像学检查阴性的SAH患者预后的危险因素及长期预后情况。
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(收稿日期:2018-03-08) (本文編辑:张爽)