申慧慧 陈军辉 徐秀丽 潘蕾 何秀平 王小如
摘 要 针对海产贝类存在多种脂溶性贝毒素复合污染的现状,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用技术(HPLC-MS/MS)对海产贝类中的常见脂溶性贝毒素进行同步检测,结合多种毒素复合污染的风险评估方法,用于市售海产贝类的食用安全风险评价。结果表明,在选定的实验条件下,8种典型脂溶性贝毒素加标回收率在63.2%~88.8%之间,方法的精密度(相对标准偏差(RSD)≤14.5%)和灵敏度(检出限为0.5~2.7 ng/g)良好,能满足海产贝类样品的检测要求。在采集的105个市售海产贝类样品中,42.86%的样品中至少检出了一种脂溶性贝毒素,其中鳍藻毒素-1(DTX1)的含量均值最高,为47.6 μg/kg,对海产贝类污染最严重。根据每日人均贝类摄入量(TDI)和各种脂溶性贝毒素的急性中毒参考剂量(ARfD),通过计算综合风险指数∑ERI进行市售海产贝类食用安全性评价,结果表明,在所检测的样品中,存在食用安全隐患和高风险的市售海产贝类比率为19.05%,其中扇贝的食用安全风险最大。本研究建立的基于海产贝类中脂溶性贝毒素物质组复合污染的风险评价方法,与欧盟的海产品贝毒素限量标准评价方法(单指标法)相比更加严格,可以使贝类食用者更好地规避中毒风险。
关键词 高效液相色谱-串联质谱; 海产贝类; 脂溶性贝毒素; 复合污染; 食品安全
1 引 言
海产贝类种类繁多,味道鲜美,是人们餐桌上常见的海洋食品。由于近海环境富营养化加剧,有害藻华时有发生,加之海产贝类独特的滤食习性,对海洋有害藻中的毒素具有很强的蓄积能力[1,2]。因此,世界各地的海产贝类消费者均不同程度地遭受染毒海产品带来的健康威胁。目前已发现的海洋贝毒素及其衍生物有200多种,其中脂溶性贝毒素约占90%[3],常见的脂溶性贝毒素主要包括大田软海绵酸(OA)及其衍生物鳍藻毒素-1(DTX1)、虾夷扇贝毒素(YTX)、原多甲藻酸毒素(AZAs)、米氏裸甲藻毒素(GYM)、螺环内酯毒素(SPX1)、扇贝毒素-2(PTX2)等。食用脂溶性贝毒素污染的贝类而引起的中毒事件,在全球范围内时有发生。我国海产贝类也正遭受不同种类脂溶性贝毒素的污染威胁[4],中毒事件屡有发生[5,6]。因此,需加强对市售海产贝类中脂溶性贝毒素的检测及其食用安全风险评价,保护食用者的健康。
目前,用于海产品中脂溶性贝毒素检测的方法主要包括小鼠生物法[7]、酶联免疫吸附法[8]、高效液相色谱法[9]和液相色谱-质谱/多级质谱法[10]等。与前几种方法相比,液相色谱-串联质谱法具有检测速度快、准确性高、检出限低以及可以同时检测多种类型贝毒素的优点而被广泛应用[10~12],也是目前检测贝类中脂溶性贝毒素的最佳方法。然而,仅凭海产贝类中几种主要脂溶性贝毒素的含量测定结果,仍然无法准确评价贝类的食用安全风险,特别是对于被多种脂溶性贝毒素复合污染的海产品,仍需发展适用性较强的食用安全风险评价方法。
目前,在国际上针对海产品中的几种常见脂溶性贝毒素,基于其小鼠毒理实验数据[13],制定了相关的限量标准,用于指导管理部门进行海产品食用安全性评价。例如,欧盟食品安全局(European Food Safety Authority, EFSA)对贝类中的OA、DTX、AZA、PTX毒素的限量标准均设定为160 μg/kg,YTX的限量标准为1000 μg/kg[14,15]; GYM和SPX毒素目前还没有设定限量标准。但是,我国仅针對OAs系列脂溶性贝毒素设定了限量标准,其它脂溶性贝毒素均未设定限量标准。然而,采用EFSA制定的限量标准法,仅适用于评价受一种或少数几种高含量(超过限量值)毒素污染海产品的食用安全性,对于被低浓度或中等浓度的多种脂溶性贝毒素复合污染的海产品,则无法给出可靠的食用安全性评价结果。因此,针对海产贝类存在多种脂溶性贝毒素复合污染的现状,发展基于多种脂溶性贝毒素污染综合评价的海产贝类食用安全风险方法极为紧迫。本研究采用高效液相色谱-多级质谱分析海产贝类中多种脂溶性贝毒素, 建立一种基于多种脂溶性贝毒素污染综合评价的海产贝类食用安全风险评估新方法,并用于市售海产贝类的食用安全风险评价。
4 结 论
采用本研究建立的基于脂溶性贝毒素物质组HPLC-MS/MS分析的海产贝类食用安全风险评价方法,可以得出多种脂溶性贝毒素复合污染造成的总和食用安全风险,与欧盟食品安全局的限量标准法相比,能够更严苛地评价市售海产品的食用安全质量,降低消费者食用海产贝类的中毒风险,更好地保障贝类消费者的健康。在后续研究中可以采用液相色谱-高分辨率质谱联用技术,对市售海产贝类中有文献报道的所有贝毒素进行筛查分析,将更多种类的贝毒素及其衍生物纳入到海产贝类食用安全性评价指标体系中。
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Abstract In view of the present situation that edible marine shellfishes are combinedly contaminated by different kinds of lipophilic toxins, common lipophilic shellfish toxins in marine shellfishes were simultaneously detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and the safety risk of commercial marine shellfish was evaluated using the risk assessment method based on combined contamination of various toxins. Under the optimum conditions, satisfactory recoveries (63.3%-88.8%), precision (relative standard deviations RSD≤14.5%) and sensitivity (limit of detection in the range of 0.5-2.7 ng/g) of the method were achieved for all the analytes. Among the 105 commercially available shellfish samples, 42.86% of the samples had at least a kind of toxin. The highest average content was 47.6 μg/kg of DTX1, which was the most serious contaminant for marine shellfishes. The total Expose Risk Index (ΣERI) was calculated based on Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) and Acute Reference Dose (ARfD) of each toxin to evaluate the safety risk of commercial marine shellfish. The results showed that the ratio of commercially available marine shellfish with safety risk was 19.05% and the food safety risk of scallop was the highest. In summary, a new method based on the combined contamination of lipophilic shellfish toxins was successfully developed for risk assessment of the commercial marine shellfish. The proposed method is more harsh compared with the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) regulation and can make shellfish consumers better to avoid the risk of poisoning.
Keywords Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; Marine shellfishes; Lipophilic shellfish toxins; Combined contamination; Food safety
(Received 10 August 2017; accepted 28 March 2018)