英语阅读长难句分析

纵观历年高考英语试题，可以发现阅读文章中出现了许多结构复杂的句子。不难理解，命题者在句子难度上大做文章，无非是想通过增加句子长度和使用复杂结构来打断和干扰考生正常的阅读习惯和思维方式，从而达到考查考生综合阅读能力的目的。下面我们来了解一下长难句。

判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是主从复合句：We took pity on the people in the disaster-hit area in Yushu and many students raised money for them. Having suffered a number of health problems， former Olympic President Samaranch died on April 21 in Barcelona. The Internet is an exciting tool that not only puts vast information at your fingertips but expands options.

长难句分类：

一、 复合从句

这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣，使得考生搞不清楚整个句子结构。例：He finds that students who were easy to teach because they succeeded in putting everything they had been taught into practice， hesitate when faced with the huge untouched area of English vocabulary and usage which falls outside his textbooks.

二、 分隔结构

为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是为了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，使语义严密，结构紧凑，可将句子的主干部分用其他语法成分分隔开来，这就是所谓的分隔结构。考试中出现较多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。

三、 成分省略

在英语句子中，节约用词是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。成分省略一般和从句相结合，一正一反，使句子富于变化，增强表现力。

In their hearts， women think it is mens business to earn money and theirs to spend it-if possible， during their husbands life， but， at any rate， after his death.

四、 改变语序

改变语序主要指倒装句式。这种打破相对固定的常规语序的做法，或是为了强调句子的意义表达的重心，或是强调一种表达语气。

突破策略：

结构分析法：明晰句子结构，把握句子的基本框架。

A.判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句；B.找出句子的主干成分（主语和谓语），分清句子附属成分：非谓语动词结构看作一个整体，划出所有介词短语（位于be动词后的除外），跳读。理解句子大意；C.层层分析，层层剥离。

1.较复杂的简单句——找主干成分。Schools （across China） are expected to hire（谓语 ） 50，000 college graduates （this year）（as short-term teachers）， （almost three times the number） （hired）（last year），（to help reduce unemployment pressures.）

2.并列句——先找并列连词，再按方法一。

Step 1找并列词：In 1897， the state of Michigan passed a law prohibiting the killing of passenger pigeons， but by then， no sizable flocks had been seen in the state for 10 years.Step2括号去附属成分，找主要成分：（In 1897）， the state （of Michigan） passed a law （prohibiting the killing of passenger pigeons）， but （by then）， no sizable flocks had been seen （in the state） （for 10 years）.

3.主從复合句的处理方法——找从属连词，找从句；剔从句，挑主句；再按方法一各自分析。

Step1：找从属连词：It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point ，they were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons—a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States， making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world.

Step2：找从句，剔从句：It was calculated that （when its population reached its highest point） ，they were……

Step3：It was calculated （that they were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons）—a number ….

Step4：It was calculated —（a number） （equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population） （in the United States）， （making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world）.

4.并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法——先按方法二读懂并列复合句，再按方法三看主从复合句。If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language， you will get answers like “Shakespeare”， “Samuel Johnson”， and “Webster”， but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didnt even speak English—William， the Conqueror.

step 1找并列词： If you ask people ...， but none of these ……Step 2找连词： If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest … but none of these men … who didnt even speak……Step3：找从句，剔从句： If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language， you will get answers…， but none of these men … who didnt even speak English —William， the Conqueror. step4：找主句，去附属成分： you will get answers （like “Shakespeare”， “Samuel Johnson”， and “Webster”） ， but none of these men had any effect at all （compared to a man —William， the Conqueror ）.

不管句子有多長有多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓宾结构或主系表结构。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。我们应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。

【作者简介】雷秀娟，湖北省嘉鱼县第一中学。