有效应对高考英语书面表达题

2018-10-20 11:14辛相茂
中学教学参考·语英版 2018年7期
关键词:书面表达高考

辛相茂

[摘 要]英语书面表达是高考失分较严重的题目。教师应在常态教学中有效指导学生不断进行语言积累,循序渐进,熟练掌握解题要领,帮助学生打好基础,提升其英语书面表达能力。

[关键词]高考;英语试题;书面表达

[中图分类号] G633.41 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-6058(2018)19-0044-02

一、高考英语书面表达的重要性及考生的失分点

语言的学习过程主要由两部分组成:输入(听读)和输出(读写)。英语写作是检测学生语言综合运用能力的重要途径。高考英语书面表达要求考生根据提示能够清楚连贯地传递信息,表达意思,有效运用所学语言知识,旨在考查学生用真实语言交际,得体地使用英语的能力。高考中的英语书面表达属于微写作,100词左右,以应用文为主,分值为25分(全国卷)。然而,在每年的阅卷过程中及考试成绩公布后,通过对学生得分统计分析不难发现,众多考生在该题中失分严重。其原因为:(1) 平时的语言基础不扎实,語言知识贫乏,表达能力有限;(2)不清楚或未能熟练掌握必要的写作技能;(3)系统性训练不足,导致审题有误、偏差,文章结构混乱,展开部分不合理或与要点不相关,语言组织不符合英语规范,表达不连贯或直接翻译现象明显。

二、课程标准中的写作技能目标及具体等级要求

课标将高中英语写作技能概括为:(1)整理思路;(2)组织素材;(3)规划文章结构;(4)列出提纲;(5)起草文章;(6)组织语言;(7)遣词造句;(8)修改文章;(9)正确使用标点符号和字母大小写。具体技能目标为:(1)能用文字图表提供的信息进行简单描述;(2)能写出常见体裁的应用文,例如信函、一般的通知等;(3)能写出语义连贯且结构完整的短文,叙述事情或表达观点和态度;(4)能在写作中做到书写规范,语句通顺,用词准确。

三、高考英语书面表达命题特点

高考英语书面表达是学生语言知识和能力的具体体现,要求考生根据所给的提纲写一篇100词左右的书面材料,以书信或电子邮件为主。常见的主题为邀请、求助、询问、通知、告知、致歉、推荐或说明等。内容切合学生生活实际,考查学生实际运用英语的能力。近几年的命题趋向于半开放式表达,注重学生自主、灵活表达的能力。

四、常态教学中学生英语写作能力的培养、提高

1.注重阅读,语言知识积累领先,读写跟上

除课本教材外,教师应适量补充适合学生认知水平的英语阅读材料,如:阅读专练,英语周报,或从英美网站整理出的各类新闻、趣事、教育或科普类时文,从而使学生接触真实的、规范的、时代性强的语言材料。教师重点分析解释长、难、复杂句,整理精选高频词汇、短语及表达形式。长此以往,学生不仅掌握教材中应知应会的英语语言基本知识,而且拓宽加深了语言输入,为写作能力的提升奠定了基础。

2.将写作能力培养融入词汇教学之中

从高一年级开始,教师应有意识地培养学生在真实情境中使用词汇的习惯,而不是让学生单一地背记单词。词汇的学习应关注以下几点:(1)词在句中,以完整例句呈现词汇或短语在具体语境中的用法;(2)不同句型表达相近或相同意义;(3)词汇、短语与复杂句型结合,生成高级表达形式。

如,学习appreciate:例句1.appreciate something. I appreciate your help. 例句2.appreciate ones doing something. I appreciate your coming to my birthday party. 例句3.appreciate that...I appreciate that this is not an easy decision for you to make. (appreciate=understand fully; recognize) 例句4.I would appreciate it if you take my application into consideration.

又如,学习deny:例句1.deny doing something. The boy denied scratching the car. 例句2.There is no denying that China is developing fast and becoming powerful, which has amazed the world.

3.表达训练循序渐进:完整句—完整段落—完整篇章

关于完整句的训练,教科书每个单元后的Workbook都为学生提供了足量的语言材料。此外,教师可以结合所教学生的实际能力,准备相应的完整段落或完整篇章的写作训练。

如:写作任务(关于个人发展)。

(1)单句表达。

①Johnson 是我的好朋友,性格外向。Johnson is my good friend and he is outgoing. ②尽管在中学期间他视力有缺陷并且学习吃力,但他有雄心,想有尊严地活着。Though he was disabled in eyesight and had some trouble with his lessons at middle school, he was ambitious and wanted to live a life with dignity.③毕业后,在伙伴的鼓励和帮助下,他接触了文学。After graduation, he was exposed to literature with the encouragement and help of his companions. ④现在他的作品已被改编成电影。Now his works have been adapted for films.⑤我祝贺他的成功。I congratulate him on his success.

(2)完整段落表达,适当增加细节。

Johnson, who is my good friend, is outgoing and optimistic about life. I admire him for his strong will and achievement. Though he was disabled in eyesight and had some trouble with his lessons at middle school, he was ambitious and wanted to live a life with dignity.

After graduation, he was exposed to literature with the encouragement and help of his companions. He devoted himself to reading and writing and has written dozens of novels which are attractive and instructive.

Now some of his works have been adapted for films and Johnson has become a well-known writer. I congratulate him on his success.

(3)完整篇章表达,润色整理。

My friend Johnson

God helps those who help themselves. My friend Johnson has set a good example to us.

Johnson, who is my good friend, is outgoing and optimistic about life. I admire him for his strong will and achievement. Though he was disabled in eyesight and had some trouble with his lessons at middle school, he was ambitious and wanted to live a life with dignity.

After graduation, he was exposed to literature with the encouragement and help of his companions. He devoted himself to reading and writing and has written dozens of novels which are attractive and instructive.

Now some of his works have been adapted for films and Johnson has become a well-known writer. I congratulate him on his success.

As the saying goes, “Where there is a will, there is a way.”

五、規范学生书面表达答题步骤

1.写作前

(1)审题,搞清楚体裁、写作目的、要求。

(2)确定要点。

(3)构思、谋篇布局。

2.写作中

(1)起草。

(2)覆盖要点。

(3)Think before writing.(切忌边思考边写)

(4)使用自己熟练掌握的词、短语及句型,忌机械翻译。

(5)依据要点,适当展开。

(6)避免句型单一、用词简单。

(7)限时完成。

3.写作后

(1)回读、检查、润色、修改。

(2)认真誊写,书写规范、工整。

六、高考真题示例(2017年全国卷I)

书面表达。(满分25分)

假定你是李华,正在教你的英国朋友Leslie学习汉语。请你写封邮件告知下次上课的计划。内容包括:1.时间和地点。2.内容: 学习唐诗。3.课前准备:简要了解唐朝的历史。

注意:1.词数100左右;2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。

1.写作前

(1)审题:体裁为一封邮件。写作目的是通知Leslie下次上汉语课的计划。

(2)要点:①下次上汉语课的计划 。②自定时间地点。③课前需了解唐朝的一些历史。

(3)构思:①第一段:写信目的。②第二段:通知正文,覆盖所有要点。③第三段:恰当结尾。

2.写作中

(1)起草。

(2)覆盖要点。

(3)Think before writing.(切忌边思考边写)

(4)使用自己熟练掌握的词、短语及句型,忌机械翻译。

(5)依据要点,适当展开。

(6)避免句型单一、用词简单。

(7)限时完成。

Dear Leslie,

Im Li Hua. Im writing to inform you of the plan for the Chinese class next time.(起始部分,写信目的)

It will start on the morning of this Friday and last one and a half hours (from 8:00 to 9:30) in Classroom 302.(自定时间地点)

We will focus on studying a few Tang poems. As you know, Tang Poetry and Song Verse are known as the classics of Chinese literature and play an important role in Chinese traditional culture.(适当合理展开)

Without the knowledge of the necessary background, it might be difficult for you to understand the poems. Therefore, it would be helpful if you could learn about some history of the Tang Dynasty before you come to attend the class.(合理展开)

I hope that you will make good preparations in advance.(恰当结尾)

Yours,

Li Hua

3.写作后

(1)回读、检查、润色、修改。

(2)认真誊写,书写规范、工整。

英语书面表达能力的提升不仅需要学生不斷的语言积累、思考、训练,还需要教师有效的指导。教师的学法指导,良好习惯的形成,解题要领的熟练掌握能够帮助学生增强信心,积极应对困难,逐渐提升英语书面表达等英语应用能力。

[ 参 考 文 献 ]

[1] 刘宽平,周业芳,曹小燕.提高中国学生英语写作能力的有效途径[J].外语教学,2003(6).

[2] 王小宁.克拉申的习得/学得假说与外语教学[J].外语界, 2001(1).

[3] 张锐.新高中英语书面表达[M].西安:西北工业大学出版社,2003 .

(责任编辑 周侯辰)

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