赵勇权
摘 要:本文重在探讨如何针对中职生英语基础差,句法结构知识贫乏,又不降低《课标》要求,讲授动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词这四种非谓语动词的用法,力求浅显易懂,逐步达到既让学生初步掌握非谓语动词的基本用法,又不让学生陷入语法教学的泥沼而对学习职高英语产生畏惧心理。
关键词:中职英语 非谓语动词 基础语法
中图分类号:G718 文献标识码:C 文章编号:1672-1578(2018)09-0242-02
众所周知,语法教学一直是英语教学的基础组成部分。但是它曾一度是落后教学方法的代名词,老师怕语法,学生厌语法。中职英语教学把主要精力都投入到培养中职生在职场英语中的听、说、读、写能力,即英语交际能力,而忽视了学生应用基本语法知识准确表情达意的能力,造成学生句法结构知识贫乏,遣词造句漏洞百出,句子语病太多,中式英语满天飞,甚至闹出很多笑话。因此,中职英语在加强听、说、读、写能力训练的同时,必须适时切入语法教学。语法教学任务重,过程枯燥而又漫长,其中非谓语动词的教学是难点。从我省近十年对口升学考试统计来看,非谓语动词一直是必考考点之一,也是学生必须掌握的基本语法知识。我们中职生由于英语底子薄,英语文化知识水平有限,见到这种考题往往束手无策。动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和過去分词是非谓语动词常见的四种基本形式。我们中职生只需掌握四种非谓语动词作主语、表语、定语、宾语或状语的基本形态及其要义。
什么是非谓语动词呢?非谓语动词即在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词。它有四种基本形式:动词不等式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。非谓语动词没有人称和单复数形式的变化,但是有时态和语态的变化。笔者长期从事中职英语高三升学班的教学工作,中职高考考点有关非谓语动词用法的相关题型常常分布于单项选择、看图识文、阅读理解、英汉互译以及书面表达之中,要做好非谓语动词相关测试题,就必须从句子结构和逻辑主语两个角度,并联系上下文语境综合加以考虑。另外就非谓语动词的时态和语态变化,针对我们中职生可以不作过度要求。
1 动词不定式的用法
动词不定式的肯定式由“to+动词原形”构成,如:to be, to do, to say等。动词不定式的否定式形式为“not +to +动词原形”,有时也用“never+to+动词原形”。表示强调动词不定式大都含有要做而还未做的意思。因为动词不定式仍保留动词固有的一些特征,所以它可以带自己的宾语和状语等。动词不定式与其所带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,如to give up smoking, to go shopping, to wait in line等。动词不定式或动词不定式短语作为句子的重要组成部分,可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。
1.1 动词不定式作主语
动词不定式或不定式短语作主语时,通常看作单数形式,同时动词不定式作主语时,也可以借 it作形式主语,而将真正主语的动词不定式后置,这样避免了句子的头重脚轻,如:
a. To go there on foot is very difficult .
b. It is our duty to take good care of school things.
c. It took some students three days to fix the computer.
1.2 动词不定式作宾语
动词不定式作宾语情况较为复杂,有些动词之后只跟不定式作宾语。如:ask、pretend、wait、manage、decide、plan、seem、wish、hope、promise、refuse、expect、happen. 笔者总结一口诀可以帮助学生较快记住: 同意提出作计划,要求答应来帮忙,准备决定遭拒绝,敢于选择有希望,不能做到莫假装,设法做成决心强,如:
a. I want each student to keep everything clean and tidy.
b. Can you explain how to work out the problem?
有些动词如 find ,think等借it作形式宾语,而把真正作宾语的动词不定式后置。如:Some kids find it not easy to learn English well.
1.3 动词不定式作宾语补足语
动词不定式作宾语补足语,补充说明宾语,如:
a. Mr Green expected us to arrive on time.
b. Please tell him not to stay up too late.
1.4 动词不定式作表语
动词不定式位于系动词be, seem等之后充当表语,如:
a. My dream is to be a good teacher.
b. It seems to rain heavily very soon.
1.5 动词不定式作定语
动词不定式作定语通常要放在被修饰词之后,如果动词不定式是不及物动词,后面应有相关的介词,如:
a. We have a lot of jobs to these days.
b. She is looking for a bench to sit on.
c. I am the first to come to school every day.
d. She's the only girl to dress up in the party.
1.6 动词不定式作状语
动词不定式在句子中可以作目的状语,结果状语,原因状语等等,如:
a. I come here only to see you off.
b. We looked for the whole room to find nothing.
c. I'm sorry to hear that you fell off the bike.
2 动名词的用法
动名词即在动词之后加-ing 形式。由于动名词具有名词的一些特征,所以动名词在句子中可以作主语、宾语和表语。
2.1 动名词作主语
动名词作主语时一般看作单数形式,有时为了避免句子头重脚轻,也可以用 it 作形式主语,而把动名词作主语放在后面,如:
a. Reading is a good habit for us.
b. It's no use staying at home all the time.
c. Seeing is believing.
d. There is no sense doing so.
2.2 动名词作宾语
动名词常放在动词或介词之后构成动宾短语或介宾短语。有些动词之后只跟动名词作宾语,如:enjoy、avoid delay、finish、 imagine、stand、keep、mind、miss、 practise、risk等等。有些形容词之后也常跟动名词,如:be busy, be worth等等,如:
a. We can finish learning unit Two in a week.
b. They can't help laughing out.
c. The concert was worth listening to.
d. Students should give up smoking and gambling.
e. I cant stand standing here for such a long time.
2.3 动名词作宾表语
动名词常常放在系动词之后构成表语,表示一个具体的动作,如:
a. A mother's job is washing ,cleaning and taking of her kids.
b. What I dreamed of was staying with you for ever.
3 現在分词v - ing 的用法
现在分词在句子中常作形容词和副词来使用。现在分词包含主动的意思并且表示动作正在进行,它在句子中常作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。
3.1 现在分词作定语
现在分词常放在被修饰词的前面,现在分词短语作定语时,一般放在被修饰词之后,如:
a. She is watching an exciting movie.
b. Do you know the engineer standing next to Tom?
3.2 现在分词作表语
现在分词作表语表示主语的性质和特征,如:
a. Their job is building some houses .
b. Travelling is interesting but tiring .
3.3 现在分词作宾语补足语
现在分词通常放在感官动词(see、hear、watch、notice、listen to、smell、fell....)之后作宾语补足语,表示动作的连续性和进行性,如:
a. He heard a girl singing nearby.
b. Don't keep them waiting for you too much time.
3.4 现在分词作状语
现在分词作状语可以表示时间、条件、原因、伴随或方式及结果,分词与句中主语是主动关系,如:
a. Looking out of the window, I saw some workers building a workshop.
b. Studying hard, you will pass the exam in the end.
c. Not knowing how to work it out, she asked her teacher for the problem.
d. Miss Song sings very well, making herself popular with many people in China.
e. Singing pop songs ,some kids are walking toward their primary school.
4 过去分词的用法
过去分词通常表示已完成的或被动的含义,在句子中可以作定语,表语、宾语补足句或状语,通常和句子中的主语构成被动关系,如:
a. The guests invited to the meeting were mostly from Germany.
b. The old woman was very excited at the good news.
c. After supper he found his room broken into and some things stolen.
d. Seen from the hill, the city appeared very wonderful and magnificent.
在中职英语教学中,针对非谓语动词的教学,笔者认为一定要选取一些难易适中又非常典型的语言资料,最好是列举一些生动有趣,浅显易懂的语句来展示非谓语动词在语句中的用法。立足中职英语教学的基本特点,狠抓基础,立足长远。既要让学生很好地感知和掌握非谓语动词的基本用法,又不要让学生陷入语法教学的泥沼,而退缩不前。注重语法教学的有效性,让学生循序渐进,逐步领悟非谓语动词句法功能的奥妙。