血小板参数对急性心肌梗死患者急诊介入治疗后主要不良心脏事件的影响

2018-09-26 11:34王文斌菅宏伟程国杰唐学弘李馨
中国医药导报 2018年17期
关键词:血小板心肌梗死血栓

王文斌 菅宏伟 程国杰 唐学弘 李馨

[摘要] 目的 探讨急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死(STEMI)患者血小板参数与急诊经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)术后主要不良心脏事件(MACE)发生的关系,及评估各血小板参数对MACE的预测效能。 方法 回顾性分析2013年7月~2017年7月北京市大兴区人民医院行急诊PCI的急性STEMI患者365例的临床资料,对患者进行随访,记录患者随访期间MACE发生情况。根据有无MACE发生分为MACE组(144例)和无MACE组(221例),比较两组患者临床指标及各血小板参数方面的差异。 结果 两组患者在年龄、高血压病史、血小板计数、平均血小板体积、血小板分布宽度方面差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。Logistic回归分析发现,平均血小板体积(MPV)是STEMI患者接受急诊PCI术后近期MACE发生的独立预测因子(OR = 4.54,95%CI:1.11~18.47,P = 0.035)。MPV预测MACE的灵敏度和特異度分别为72.9%和72.7%。 结论 MPV增大与STEMI患者急诊PCI术后近期MACE发生有关,可能是此类患者近期预后的独立预测因子。

[关键词] 急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死;经皮冠状动脉介入术;血小板参数;主要不良心脏事件

[中图分类号] R541.4 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2018)06(b)-0048-04

[Abstract] Objective To explore the relationship between platelet parameters and the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in STEMI patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and evaluate the predictive efficacy of each platelet parameter on MACE events. Methods From July 2013 to July 2017, the clinical data of 365 STEMI patients treated with primary PCI in the Daxing District People's Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. The date of MACE patient during the follow-up were recorded. According to the follow-up results, they were divided into two groups: MACE group (144 cases) and no MACE group (211 cases). The differences in baseline data and platelet parameters between the two groups were compared. Results There were significant differences between the two groups in age, hypertension history, platelet count, mean platelet volume and platelet distribution width (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that MPV was independently associated with short-term MACE in acute STEMI after primary PCI (OR = 4.54, 95%CI: 1.11-18.47, P = 0.035). The sensitivity and specificity of MPV in predicting MACE were 72.9 % and 72.7%, respectively. Conclusion The increase in MPV is associated with recent MACE in STEMI patients after primary PCI and may be an independent predictor of the short-term prognosis of such patients.

[Key words] ST segment elevation myocardial infarction; Percutaneous coronary intervention; Platelet parameters; Major adverse cardiac events

急性心肌梗死是冠心病的严重表现形式,也是导致患者致死、致残的重要原因。急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)是急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死(STEMI)患者的重要治疗手段,可以大大改善患者的预后[1-2]。但急诊PCI术后仍有部分患者发生主要不良心脏事件(MACE)[3]。研究显示,患者PCI术后MACE的发生与血小板活化相关,而血小板参数与血小板活化有关[4]。关于血小板参数与急性心肌梗死患者PCI术后MACE事件的发生关系已有一些报道[5-6],但结论尚不一致。本研究回顾性分析行急诊PCI的急性STEMI患者,探讨血小板参数与STEMI患者PCI术后MACE发生的关系及对MACE的预测价值。

1 对象与方法

1.1 研究对象

回顾性分析2013年7月~2017年7月在北京市大兴区人民医院行急诊PCI的急性STEMI患者365例的临床资料。急性STEMI诊断符合2013年美国心脏病学会/美国心脏协会发布的急性STEMI诊断标准[7]:患者存在心肌缺血症状,持续ST段抬高,伴随心肌坏死标志物的升高。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 资料收集 收集所有患者的年龄、性别、心率、血压、身高、体重、吸烟史、高血压病史、糖尿病病史、冠脉病变情况、住院天数及住院期间MACE发生情况。生化指标包括低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、血肌酐。超声心动图指标左室射血分数(LVEF)。入院即刻血常规:包括白细胞计数(WBC)、血小板计数(PLT)、平均血小板体积(MPV)、血小板分布宽度(PDW)、血小板压积(PCT)。

1.2.2 随访及MACE事件定义 对所有患者进行随访,观察住院期间和出院后1年内MACE的发生情况,出院不足1年的患者观察至研究结束时的MACE发生情况。平均随访(8.5±3.5)个月。MACE事件[8-9]定义为:①新发生的非致死性心肌梗死;②心源性死亡;③不稳定性心绞痛;④支架内再狭窄;⑤支架内血栓;⑥心力衰竭。

根据患者随访期间内是否发生MACE将患者分为MACE组(144例)和无MACE组(221例)。

1.3 统计学方法

采用统计软件SPSS 22.0对数据进行分析,正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,采用独立样本t检验;计数资料以率表示,采用χ2检验。Logistic 回归分析临床指标与终点事件的相关性。应用ROC曲线分析血小板参数对MACE的诊断效力。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 两组患者基本臨床资料比较

两组患者在性别、吸烟史、糖尿病史差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。MACE组患者年龄高于无MACE组,MACE组有高血压病史的患者比例显著高于无MACE组,MACE组患者PLT、MPV、PDW水平均高于无MACE组患者,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。两组患者LVEF、LDL-C、WBC和冠脉病变情况差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表1。

2.2 临床指标与MACE的关系

将患者年龄、性别、有无高血压和糖尿病史、是否吸烟、LDL-C、PLT、MPV、PDW水平进行Logistic回归分析,男女分别赋值为1和0,有无高血压及糖尿病分别赋值为1和0,吸烟和不吸烟分别赋值为1和0,有无MACE事件分别赋值为1和0,结果显示有高血压病史及MPV升高与MACE发生有关(P < 0.05)。见表2。

2.3 血小板参数对近期MACE的诊断效力

分别以MPV、PDW、PLT、PCT为检验变量,MACE有无为状态变量,作 ROC曲线分析,得出各检验变量的曲线下面积(AUC)(表3)。取AUC>0.5且P < 0.05的指标作图(图1),选择约登指数最大的截断点对应的界值作为近期MACE事件的诊断界值,记录其相应的灵敏度和特异度。MPV的AUC = 0.771,P值0.000;PDW的AUC = 0.742,P = 0.000。MPV的诊断界值为8.5 fL时,预测未来MACE事件的灵敏度为72.9%,特异度为72.7%,约登指数为0.456;PDW诊断界值为15.4%时,预测未来MACE事件的灵敏度为78.3%,特异度为62.2%,约登指数为0.405。

3 讨论

该研究发现STEMI患者急诊PCI术后发生MACE的患者MPV、PDW高于无MACE发生患者,但对两者进行Logistic回归排除混杂因素影响后,仅MPV影响MACE的发生,MPV对近期MACE的诊断效力高于PDW。因此,MPV可能是STEMI患者急诊PCI治疗后近期MACE的独立预测因子。既往研究报道了类似的结果,Choi等[10]研究发现,MPV与患者PCI术后心源性死亡相关,MPV升高组死亡率升高。Verdoia等[6]对1300例行PCI的患者研究发现高PDW和年龄、糖尿病史等相关,高PDW患者冠状动脉血栓的存在较少,存在更高的冠状动脉钙化,更高的支架率和更低的远端栓塞率。在接受冠状动脉支架术的患者中,PDW不增加围术期心肌梗死风险,因此不认为高PDW是PCI后围术期栓塞并发症的危险因素。但该研究随访时间较短,可能对结果存在影响。也有研究报道PDW与行急诊PCI的STEMI患者的预后相关。Ulucan等研究[5]发现PDW升高对AMI患者随访6个月的结果及死亡率有影响,但该研究未对可能影响患者预后的心功能分级及病变程度进行比较,对预后结果可能造成一定影响。在本研究中,并未发现PDW的独立预测价值,可能与入选患者冠脉疾病类型以及样本量的局限有关。

MPV与血小板生成相关,新生成血小板的MPV大,富含蛋白、酶及血小板颗粒,比MPV小的血小板存在更大的形成血栓的潜力[11-12]。血小板中的a颗粒和致密颗粒等可以释放大量促血栓的因子,如P选择素、5-羟色胺B-血栓球蛋白、ADP、TXA及TXB,这些物质不仅能够促进血栓形成,还能诱发和加重炎性反应,并能导致内皮功能异常、促进细胞的黏附和聚集,同时诱发血管痉挛[13]。有学者[14]对行急诊PCI术的STEMI患者进行研究发现,术后无复流组的MPV明显高于正常血流组,提示MPV升高在一定程度上反映机体处于血栓前状态,诱发或加重无复流的发生。Celik等[15]研究也发现MPV与患者急诊PCI术后无复流、6个月内的死亡率及住院期间MACE发生率相关。也有研究[16]显示,高的MPV会导致心肌再灌注受损。Acar等[17]对急性前壁心肌梗死行急诊PCI的患者进行研究发现,左室血栓阳性组MPV明显升高,MPV是左室血栓形成的预测因子。Wang等[18]对MPV与急诊PCI患者心功能的关系研究发现,MPV升高组患者左室功能较差。Wasilewski等[19]研究显示,MPV升高是心肌梗死患者全因死亡的独立预测因子。Shah等[20]研究发现患者血运重建后MPV的变化速率增加时患者的死亡率增加。

综上所述,MPV与急性STEMI患者接受急诊PCI治疗后MACE发生有关,MPV可能是此类患者近期预后的独立危险因素。但本研究为单中心回顾性研究,样本量有限,具有一定局限性。

[參考文献]

[1] Rogers T,Dworakowski R,Khan H,et al. ST segment elevation myocardial infarction: to bite off more than one can chew [J]. Circulation,2013,128(21):2345-2346.

[2] Pinto DS,Frederick PD,Chakrabarti AK,et al. Benefit of transferring ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction patients for percutaneous coronary intervention compared with administration of onsite fibrinolytic declines as delays increase [J]. Circulation,2011,124(23):2512-2521.

[3] Napodano M,Dariol G,Al Mamary AH,et al. Thrombus burden and myocardial damage during primary percutaneous coronary intervention [J]. Am J Cardiol,2014,113(11):1449-1456.

[4] Ugur M,Ayhan E,Bozbay M,et al. The independent association of plateletcrit with long-term outcomes in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention [J]. J Crit Care,2014,29(6):978-981.

[5] Ulucan S,Keser A,Kaya Z,et al. Association between PDW and long term major adverse cardiac events in patients with acute coronary syndrome [J]. Heart Lung Circ,2016, 25(1):29-34.

[6] Verdoia M,Barbieri L,Schaffer A,et al. Platelet distribution width and the risk of periprocedural myocardial infarction in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention [J]. J Thromb Thrombolysis,2014,37(3):345-352.

[7] O'Gara PT,Kushner FG,Ascheim DD,et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction [J]. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv,2013, 82(1):E1-E27.

[8] Di Lorenzo E,Sauro R,Capasso M,et al. Long-term results of the randomized comparison of everolimus-eluting stents and sirolimus-eluting stent in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (RACES-MI trial) [J]. Int J Cardiol,2016,202(1):177-182.

[9] Kuch M,Janiszewski M,Mamcarz A,et al. Major adverse cardiac event predictors in survivors of myocardial infarction with asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction or chronic heart failure [J]. Med Sci Monit,2009,15(6):PH40- PH48.

[10] Choi SW,Choi DH,Kim HW,et al. Clinical outcome prediction from mean platelet volume in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in Korean cohort: Implications of more simple and useful test than platelet function testing [J]. Platelets,2014,25(5):322-327.

[11] Huczek Z,Kochman J,Filipiak KJ,et al. Mean platelet volume on admission predicts impaired reperfusion and long-term mortality in acute myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention [J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2005,46(2):284-290.

[12] Rechcinski T,Jasinska A,Forys J,et al. Prognostic value of platelet indices after acute myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention [J]. Cardiol J,2013,20(5):491-498.

[13] Martin JF,Trowbridge EA,Salmon G,et al. The biological significance of platelet volume: its relationship to bleeding time,platelet thromboxane B2 production and megakaryocyte nuclear DNA concentration [J]. Thromb Res,1983,32(5):443-460.

[14] Cakici M,Cetin M,Balli M,et al. Predictors of thrombus burden and no-reflow of infarct-related artery in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: importance of platelet indices [J]. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis,2014,25(7):709-715.

[15] Celik T,Kaya MG,Akpek M,et al. Predictive value of admission platelet volume indices for in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular events in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction [J]. Angiology,2015,66(2):155-162.

[16] Estevez-Loureiro R,Salgado-Fernandez J,Marzoa-Rivas R,et al. Mean platelet volume predicts patency of the infarct-related artery before mechanical reperfusion and short-term mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention [J]. Thromb Res,2009,124(5):536-540.

[17] Acar Z,Ziyrek M,Korkmaz L,et al. Mean platelet volume at admission is a determinant of left ventricular thrombus formation after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for first anterior wall myocardial infarction [J]. Acta Cardiol,2014,69(6):603-609.

[18] Wang XY,Yu HY,Zhang YY,et al. Serial changes of mean platelet volume in relation to Killip Class in patients with acute myocardial infarction and primary percutaneous coronary intervention [J]. Thromb Res,2015, 135(4):652-658.

[19] Wasilewski J,Desperak P,Hawranek M,et al. Prognostic implications of mean platelet volume on short- and long-term outcomes among patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with percutaneous coronary intervention:a single-center large observational study [J]. Platelets,2016,27(5):452-458.

[20] Shah B,Oberweis B,Tummala L,et al. Mean platelet volume and long-term mortality in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention [J]. Am J Cardiol,2013, 111(2):185-189.

猜你喜欢
血小板心肌梗死血栓
防栓八段操 让你远离深静脉血栓
重组人促血小板生成素对化疗所致血小板减少症的防治效果
血栓会自己消除么? 记住一个字,血栓不上身!
血栓最容易“栓”住哪些人
腔隙性脑梗死患者血小板总数和血小板平均体积的相关探讨
急性心肌梗死合并心力衰竭的护理
中医药防治心肌梗死:思考与展望
替格瑞洛在老年心肌梗死急诊冠状动脉介入治疗中的作用研究
消积散结丸联合血栓通注射液治疗脾切术后门静脉血栓19例
自我保健在预防心肌梗死复发中的作用