赖伟 冼云开 陈芳 刘丽珍 李登辉 蒋双兰 刘建新 郭庆禄
[摘要] 目的 探討超声、数字化X线摄影(DM)、MRI及三者联合诊断乳腺良、恶性病变的临床价值。 方法 回顾性分析2015年4月~2018年3月东莞市第八人民医院及福建医科大学附属闽东医院53例患者共56个病灶的乳腺超声、DM、MRI及临床资料,进行BI-RADS分类并与病理对照,应用受试者工作特征曲线并计算曲线下面积(AUC),分析各自及联合检查的诊断效能。 结果 53例患者共56个病灶,良性38个病灶,恶性18个病灶。38个良性病灶中,超声诊断Ⅱ类3例,Ⅲ类23例,Ⅳa类9例,Ⅳb类3例;DM诊断0类5例,Ⅰ类2例,Ⅱ类8例,Ⅲ类12例,Ⅳa类7例,Ⅳb类4例;MRI诊断Ⅱ类7例,Ⅲ类17例,Ⅳa类11例,Ⅳb类2例,Ⅳc类1例。18个恶性病灶中,超声诊断0类2例,Ⅲ类1例,Ⅳa类6例,Ⅳb类4例,Ⅳc类4例,Ⅴ类1例;DM诊断0类2例,Ⅲ类2例,Ⅳa类3例,Ⅳb类2例,Ⅳc类2例,Ⅴ类7例;MRI诊断Ⅳa类1例,Ⅳb类4例,Ⅴ类13例。三者联合及MRI、DM和超声AUC分别为0.987、0.976、0.809、0.779,三者联合检查和MRI的诊断效能优于超声和DM(P < 0.05),而联合检查与MRI比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。 结论 乳腺良、恶性病变具有一定的超声、DM及MRI征象,多种影像学方法的综合运用,可以提高诊断效能。
[关键词] 超声;数字化X线摄影;磁共振成像;乳腺;良恶性;诊断
[中图分类号] R737.9 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2018)08(a)-0127-05
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical diagnostic value of ultrasound, digital mammography (DM), MRI and combined diagnosis of benign and malignant breast lesions. Methods The breast ultrasound, DM, MRI features and clinical data of 56 lesions in 53 patients in Dongguan Eighth People′s Hospital and Affiliated Mindong Hospital of Fujian Medical University were retrospectively analyzed form April 2015 to March 2018. Based on the BI-RADS, benign and malignant lesions were classified and compared with pathology. The ROCs were plotted and the area under the curve (AUC) were calculated, and the diagnostic efficacy of each and combined examinations were analyzed. Results There were 56 lesions in 53 patients, 38 located in benign and 18 located in malignant. In the 38 benign lesions group, according to the ultrasound dignosis, there were 3 cases of type Ⅱ, 23 cases of type Ⅲ, 9 cases of type Ⅳa and 3 cases of type Ⅳb; according to the DM dignosis, there were 5 cases of type 0, 8 cases of type Ⅱ, 12 cases of type Ⅲ, 7 cases of type Ⅳa and 4 cases of type Ⅳb; according to the MRI dignosis, there were 7 cases of type Ⅱ, 17 cases of type Ⅲ, 11 cases of type Ⅳa, 2 cases of type Ⅳb, and 1 case of type Ⅳc. In the 18 malignant lesions group, according to the ultrasound dignosis, there were 2 cases of type 0, 1 case of type Ⅲ, 6 cases of type Ⅳa, 4 cases of type Ⅳb, 4 cases of type Ⅳc and 1 case of type Ⅴ; according to the DM dignosis, there were 2 cases of type 0, 2 cases of type Ⅲ, 3 cases of type Ⅳa, 2 cases of type Ⅳb, 2 cases of type Ⅳc and 7 cases of type Ⅴ; according to the MRI dignosis, there were 1 case of type Ⅳa, 4 cases of type Ⅳb and 13 cases of type Ⅴ. The AUC of combination of three techniques and MRI, DM, ultrasound were 0.987, 0.976, 0.809, 0.779 respectively, the three combined examination and MRI diagnostic efficacy superior to ultrasound and DM (P < 0.05), and the combined examination and MRI no significant difference(P = 0.308). Conclusion There have some ultrasound, DM and MRI had features in benign and malignant breast disease, a variety of imaging methods of comprehensive utilization can improve the diagnostic performance.
[Key words] Ultrasound; Mammography; Magnetic resonance imaging; Breast; Benign and malignant; Diagnosis
近年来,受综合因素的影响,乳腺疾病特别是乳腺癌的发病率逐渐升高,并呈现出年轻化的趋势,乳腺癌已成为我国女性最常见的新发恶性肿瘤[1]。影像学检查是发现乳腺病变的重要方法,但目前常运用单一方法进行检查,对部分隐匿性乳腺癌仍有一定的漏诊率[2],而综合运用多种影像学方法,可以取长补短、互相协同。现收集53例共56个乳腺良、恶性病变患者的超声、数字化乳腺X线摄影(DM)、MRI资料,分析影像学征象,对照病理结果,应用ROC等方法评估三者的诊断效能,以期提升术前诊断符合率。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
收集2015年4月~2018年3月于东莞市第八人民医院及福建医科大学附属闽东医院经手术证实的乳腺良、恶性病变患者53例,均为女性,年龄22~68岁,中位年龄43岁。主要临床表现为乳房不适、肿痛、肿块等。患者术前均行双侧乳腺超声、DM及MRI检查,术后均行病理学检查。纳入标准:有临床症状,临床怀疑乳腺疾病且资料完整的初治患者。排除标准:有乳腺活检、手术及原发恶性肿瘤病史者。
1.2 检查方法
1.2.1 超声检查 使用Hitachi Hi Vision Avius及Philips Affiniti 70彩色超声多普勒,高频探头,频率9~12 MHz,患者仰卧位,顺时针方向扫查乳房及检查双侧腋窝淋巴结。
1.2.2 DM检查 使用Hologic Lorad及GE Senography DS高频数字化乳腺X线机,全自动曝光模式,行双侧乳腺轴位(CC)及侧斜位(MLO)摄影。
1.2.3 MRI检查 使用GE Brivo 1.5 T及3.0 T磁共振扫描仪,乳腺专用双穴4及8通道相控阵表面线圈,俯卧位,足先进。扫描序列:①横断位平扫:T1WI(TR 491 ms,TE min full ms),STIR(TR 6395 ms,TE 32 ms),DWI(TR 4909 ms,TE minimum ms),b值取0及800 mm2/s,层厚5 mm;②矢状位平扫:T2WI-fs(TR 2143 ms,TE 85 ms),层厚5 mm;③DCE-MRI:横断位快速乳腺容积成像(Vibrant),TR 5.4 ms,TE 2.5 ms,层厚2 mm,共扫描8期,常规做自动减影;④矢状位增强:Vibrant序列,TR 6.9 ms,TE min full ms,层厚2 mm。增强扫描:使用双筒高压注射器,经肘前静脉团注对比剂Gd-DTPA,剂量0.1 mmol/kg体质量,流率3.5 mL/s。扫描范围:包含双侧乳房及腋窝淋巴结。
1.3 图像观察与分类
三种影像学方法均需观察病变的位置、大小、形态、回声/密度/信号、钙化、边缘、皮肤、乳头、腋窝淋巴结等。超声还需测量宽高比、CDFI血流信号。MRI还需观察和测量表观扩散系数(ADC)、强化程度、时间-信号强度曲线(TIC)。按照“乳腺影像报告和数据系统”[3]把乳腺病变分成0~Ⅵ类,其中Ⅳ类又分为Ⅳa、Ⅳb和Ⅳc类。CDFI血流信号按Alder[4]标准分为0~Ⅲ级。TIC分为Ⅰ~Ⅳ型[5]。
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS 22.0统计学软件进行数据分析,以病理检查结果为“金标准”,计算超声、DM、MRI的诊断灵敏度、特异度、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值,根据不同截断点下灵敏度、特异度绘制ROC并计算AUC[6],采用χ2检验,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 病理结果
53例患者共56個病灶,其中单侧乳房50例50个病灶,双侧乳房3例6个病灶。病理示良性病灶38例,包括纤维腺瘤19例,乳腺腺病伴纤维腺瘤6例,乳腺腺病伴囊肿5例,导管内乳头状瘤伴不典型增生及化脓性炎症各3例,乳腺血管脂肪瘤及导管内乳头状瘤伴化脓性炎症各1例;恶性病灶18例,包括浸润性导管癌14例,浸润性导管癌伴部分非型髓样癌、浸润性导管癌伴导管内癌、导管内癌及浸润性混合性导管-微乳头状癌各1例。见表1。
2.2 影像学表现
2.2.1 超声表现 38例良性病灶中,椭圆形/类圆形33例,不规则形5例;34例宽高比>1,4例宽高比<1;低回声30例,无回声4例,复合回声2例,等回声1例,强回声1例;病灶内微钙化3例;CDFI血流信号0级29例,1级8例,2级1例;边界清晰32例,不清晰4例,微小分叶2例。18例恶性病灶中,不规则形17例,椭圆形1例,4例宽高比>1,14例宽高比<1;低回声15例,复合回声2例,无回声1例;病灶内微钙化12例;CDFI血流信号0级5例,1级3例,2级3例,3级7例;边缘清晰6例,边缘模糊10例,毛刺状2例。见图1a。
2.2.2 DM表现 38例良性病灶中,椭圆形/类圆形31例,7例未见明显结节/肿块;等密度21例,高密度10例;圆点状钙化7例,小片状钙化2例;边缘清晰27例,边缘模糊4例;乳头均无凹陷,皮肤无增厚,腋窝淋巴结无肿大。18例恶性病灶中,不规则形12例,椭圆形/类圆形2例,未见明显结节/肿块4例;等密度4例,高密度10例;边缘毛刺状7例,微小分叶状3例;边缘模糊6例;不定形钙化6例,细小多形性钙化7例,线样或叉样钙化各2例;皮肤增厚1例,腋窝淋巴结肿大1例。见图1b。
2.2.3 MRI表现 38例良性病灶中,椭圆形/类圆形30例,不规则形8例;DWI高信号35例,平均ADC 1.54×10-3 mm2/ s;均匀强化16例,不均匀强化9例,分隔状强化4例,外周强化7例,无强化2例;TIC Ⅰ型29例,Ⅱ型6例,Ⅲ型1例,Ⅳ型2例;边缘清晰35例,边缘模糊3例。18例恶性病灶中,椭圆形/类圆形2例,不规则形15例,非肿块样强化1例;DWI高信号18例,平均ADC 1.12×10-3 mm2/s;均匀强化4例,不均匀强化9例,外周强化5例;TIC Ⅰ型1例,Ⅱ型6例,Ⅲ型11例;边缘清晰13例,边缘模糊5例。见图1c~g。
2.3 三种检查方法及联合诊断的效能对比
按BI-RADS分类4b及以上定级为阳性,以下为阴性,并比较三种检查的灵敏度、特异度、准确性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值,见表2。ROC示三者联合诊断、MRI、DM、超声的AUC分别为0.987、0.976、0.809、0.779,见图2。
3 讨论
乳腺癌已成为西方国家及我国妇女最常见的恶性肿瘤,欧洲的发病率约为94.2/100 000[1,7-8],其病因尚未完全明确。超声使用方便、经济,对各型乳腺显示效果较好,本组良性病灶多为椭圆形/类圆形,边界光整,宽高比多>1(n = 34,89.47%),病灶内微钙化少,CDFI血流信号多呈0级及1级(n = 37,97.37%);恶性病灶多呈不规则形,边缘毛刺状/蟹足状,宽高比多<1(n = 14,77.78%),病灶内微钙化多,CDFI血流信号多呈2级及3级(n = 10,55.56%);宽高比<1说明肿瘤向乳腺深部浸润生长,是乳腺癌的一个重要征象,但本组并非所有乳腺癌均有此征象,与李继光等[9]的研究结果类似;癌细胞可释放血管生长因子而产生较多肿瘤血管,故乳腺癌的CDFI血流信号多为2级或3级,但出现癌栓或大片坏死后可仅有少量或无血流信号[10]。DM分辨率更高、辐射剂量更低,致密腺体与病变可重叠,导致部分病灶不易显示[11],本组有11例未显示病灶,但其在早期发现40岁以上妇女乳腺癌并降低死亡率的作用已得到认可[12];本组良性病灶多呈椭圆形/类圆形(n = 31,81.59%),钙化多为圆点/小片状(n = 9,23.68%);恶性病灶多呈不规则形(n = 12,66.67%)伴毛刺和分叶,钙化多为不定形/细小多形性(n = 13,72.22%);分叶是肿瘤浸润生长导致,毛刺是肿瘤结缔组织增生所致,肿瘤生长速度过快会发生坏死、钙盐沉积而形成营养不良性钙化,它们是DM诊断乳腺癌的重要依据;DM显示微钙化的能力较超声强,钙化的定性评价对预测预后有帮助[13-14]。乳腺良恶性病变的MRI形态学和超声、DM相似,但MRI软组织空间分辨率高[15],无电离辐射,组织内水分子的扩散特性用ADC表示,可进行半定量测量,恶性病变的ADC值明显低于良性病变并有较高的重复性[16],本组以ADC 1.12×10-3 mm2/s为良恶性最佳诊断界点,灵敏度为83.33%,特异度为87.21%,准确性为89.29%;肿瘤生长需要血供,恶性病变较良性病变的肿瘤血管多、密度大,TIC可更全面反映病变的血流动力学[17-18],本组良性病变多为Ⅰ型(n = 29,76.32%),恶性病变多为Ⅲ型(n = 11,61.11%),Ⅱ型良、恶性病变重叠较多,与文献[19]报道相符。
MRI虽然显示钙化不如DM和超声,但其通过形态学结合DWI、TIC等功能成像能够提高诊断率[20]。本组结果显示乳腺MRI的灵敏度、准确性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值(94.44%、82.86%、85.00%、97.22%)均高于超声(50.00%、78.57%、75.00%、79.55%)和DM(61.11%、80.36%、73.33%、82.93%),MRI的特异度(92.11%)和超声(92.11%)相同,但高于DM(89.47%)。ROC示三者联合诊断效能优于超声(P = 0.008)和DM(P = 0.014),但与MRI相当(P = 0.308),与文献[13,21-22]相符。总之,超声可作为乳腺疾病筛查的首选方法,DM可作为基本方法,当遇到疑难时,可进一步行MRI检查及联合诊断,以提高诊断效能。
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