巧用思维导图解高中英语七选五阅读

海南 卢晓华

众所周知高三复习时间紧、任务重，那么如何高效地提升复习效率?这是每一个高三英语教师一直在思考的问题。 现以高考阅读理解七选五为例，利用思维导图来提高学生的解题效率，促使学生以最快的速度找到正确答案，为高考七选五得满分打下良好的基础。思维导图（Mind Map）又称“心智图”或“脑图”，是一种知识可视化的思维工具。英国东尼·博赞提出：“思维导图是放射性思维的表达，因此也是人类思维的自然功能。它是一种非常有用的图形技术，是打开大脑潜力的万用钥匙。”教师要充分利用这把万能钥匙帮助学生分析解题思路，概括解题技巧并总结解题规律。这样有利于帮助学生掌握解答此题型的技巧，进而为提高学生的实际应试能力打下基础，最终促进学生思维能力的发展。

教学内容介绍：本节课是一节高三英语复习课，先以短片导入并呈现本节课的基础目标和挑战目标，然后从分析高考英语阅读理解七选五的基本特征入手，化简难度，告诉学生把它当作一个拼图游戏来做，引导学生领会高考阅读理解七选五的考纲要求：主要考查学生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。然后在近几年的高考题中验证所考内容是不是考纲要求的信息，再深入挖掘阅读理解七选五题型的解题技巧，最后是解题三部曲，引导学生利用解题技巧取得满分。

具体教学设计流程如下：

一、导入

本节课用一个倡导阅读重要性的公益广告作为导入，引出高考新题型阅读理解七选五是学生提升阅读水平的一个突破口。让学生踏上对七选五的探索之旅，激发学生对本节课知识的渴求和期待，并呈现本节课的基础目标和挑战目标。接着呈现往年七选五阅读理解高考题，引出这节课主要要解决这类七选五阅读题型：无明显的条目，结构不是很清晰明了，选项出现从句。要想应对这类七选五，首先教师要帮学生化简难度，把它当作一个拼图游戏来做。让学生从拼图游戏中感悟出做阅读理解七选五应该从哪些方面入手，进而引出考试大纲对七选五的要求：主要考查学生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。这也符合《普通高中英语课程标准》的要求即训练学生“用英语获取、处理和运用信息的能力；逐步获取用英语思维的能力”。近几年高考英语阅读七选五是不是这样考的呢？请同学们通过高考题来验证。验证后又如何解决呢？这就要求教师引导学生学会运用正确的解题策略。

二、渗透解题技巧

本环节利用思维导图帮助学生归纳高考英语七选五阅读理解的解题策略。为了让学生清晰地记住规律，故将其总结为：TCL（送大家一台大彩电）

1. T—Topic（主旨）篇章主旨类解题技巧

Parents should help their children understand money...

1. The basic function of money

Being explaining the basic function of...

2. Money lessons

Approach money lessons with openness...

3._____

Begin at the grocery store. Pick out similar brands of a product... You can show your child how to make choices between different brands of a product...

A. Wise decision B. The value of money

答案：A。

笔者列举了上述实例，引导学生总结篇章主旨类试题解题规律：选小标题前先观察其他小标题的特点，然后再根据本段的主旨去找答案。

利用思维导图小结如下：

2. C—Coherence（一致性）细节类解题技巧

1）语法手段

（2015年全国Ⅱ卷）...When you have found shoes that seem right, walk in them for a few days to double-check the fit.

37 ...

E. If they still feel good, you can begin running in them.

F. Time spent for preparation raises the quality of training.

答案：E。

2）词汇手段

（2016年全国Ⅰ卷） 38 You might represent each letter with a number, for example. Let’s number the letters of the alphabet,...

E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.

G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.

答案：G。

3）结构重复

Suggest a private meeting.

A one-on-one meeting is a calmer setting than speaking in front of your peers._____

C. Some ideas can be quite concrete.

E. It can also be more effective in exchanging ideas.

答案：E。

利用思维导图小结如下：

3.L—Logic（逻辑）逻辑类解题技巧

1）转折

（2015年全国Ⅰ卷）...look at everything you still have and be thankful for all of the good in your life. 40 Instead,it’s a healthy way to work through the experience to allow room for positive growth and forgiveness.

D. Remember that you can expect the best in return.

G. Seeing the positive side of things doesn’t mean you’re ignoring what happened.

答案：G。

2）因果

（2015年全国Ⅰ卷）...Sometimes people simply can’t trust anymore. 37 It’s understandable, but...

D. Remember that you can expect the best in return.

E. They’ve been too badly hurt and they can’t bear to let it happen again.

答案：E。

3）并列

（2014全国Ⅱ卷） Hopefully that gives you a good start. 40 And don’t let a busy schedule discourage you from making some great changes in the way you eat and live!

E. Cooking is a burden for many people.

F. Let cooking and living simply be a joy rather than a burden.

答案：F。

4）解释

（2016全国Ⅲ卷） ...Buying, storing, and cooking fish isnt’ difficult. 37 This text is about how to buy and cook fish in an easy way.

C. This is how you can do it.

D. It just requires a little knowledge.

答案：D。

利用思维导图小结如下：

设计意图：

此环节通过引导学生分析高考题，让学生感受如何利用关键词、上下文线索词或信息词等进行解题。让学生在进行分析、探索和归纳的过程中对所获得的知识进一步系统化、条理化，并升华为学生认知结构中的知识链和知识网络，为学生综合能力的发展做好储备。再用顺口溜总结：七选五较容易，重点阅读前后句；前后句和选项，有词重复重点看；弄清指代和逻辑，获得满分没问题。

三、利用思维导图展示七选五解题步骤，引导学生用正确的步骤解七选五

只知道一些解题策略是不够的，还需要掌握正确的解题步骤才能得满分。首先，利用思维导图清晰地展示七选五解题步骤。

现以2016年全国Ⅰ卷高考题为例帮助学生理顺正确的解题步骤：

Secret codes (密码) keep messages private. Banks, companies,and government agencies use secret codes in doing business,especially when information is sent by computer.

People have used secret codes for thousands of years. 36 Code breaking never lags (落后) far behind code making. The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.

There are three main types of cryptography. 37 For example, the first letters of“My elephant eats too many eels”spell out the hidden message“Meet me”.

38 You might represent each letter with a number,for example. Let’s number the letters of the alphabet, in order,from 1 to 26. If we substitute a number for each letter, the message“Meet me”would read “135520135”.

A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book. 39 For example, “bridge”might stand for“meet” and“out”might stand for“me”. The message “Bridge out”would actually mean“Meet me”. 40 However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.

A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book.

B. In any language, some letters are used more than others.

C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message.

D. As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them.

E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.

F. With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words.

G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.

任务1，两人一组分析各段要义和关键词并填写思维导图，帮助学生理顺文章结构。

Secret codes (密码) keep messages private. Banks, companies,and government agencies use secret codes in doing business,especially when information is sent by computer.

People have used secret codes for thousands of years.36 Code breaking never lags (落后) far behind code making.The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.

There are three main types of cryptography. 37 For example, the first letters of“My elephant eats too many eels”spell out the hidden message“Meet me”.

38 You might represent each letter with a number,for example. Let’s number the letters of the alphabet, in order,from 1 to 26. If we substitute a number for each letter, the message“Meet me”would read“135520135”.

A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences.To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book.39 For example,“bridge”might stand for “meet” and “out”might stand for“me”. The message“Bridge out”would actually mean “Meet me”. 40 However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.

思维导图以放射性的呈现方式正确地引导学生找到文章中每一段的主旨大意，就是学生自己划分主旨不清晰明了的文章结构，有助于学生从整体上把握文章结构。因为思维导图能把人们看不见、摸不着的想法外显出来，根据找主旨的规律即主旨句一般都在首段或尾段，让学生两人一组以填写思维导图的形式把握文章结构。使其思维能力得到提高, 并逐渐成为能够进行自我指导和自主学习的学习者。

任务2，观察第37、38和39设空处所在段落的结构和句式特征。

There are three main types of cryptography. 37 For example, the first letters of“My elephant eats too many eels”spell out the hidden message“Meet me”.

38 You might represent each letter with a number,for example. Let’s number the letters of the alphabet, in order,from 1 to 26. If we substitute a number for each letter, the message“Meet me”would read “135520135”.

A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book. 39 For example,“bridge”might stand for“meet” and “out” might stand for “me”. The message “Bridge out”would actually mean “Meet me”...

学生很快找到例证关系的三个关键词For example，说明这三段是一个“大段落”，主要是说密码的分类。接着引导学生在选项中找到不属于创设密码的选项，这样就化简了题的难度让学生很快得到了6分。

任务3，快速浏览，剔除不属于创设密码的方法的选项。

A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book.

B. In any language, some letters are used more than others.

C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message.

D. As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them.

E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.

F. With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words.

G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.

学生最擅长利用排除法确定选项了。

答案：D，E，G，F，A。

任务4，根据关键词对应法选出正确选项，确保句子逻辑连贯。

设计意图：

学生通过思维导图，应用所掌握的解题技巧寻找具体的解题方法。本环节通过设置一个一个的问题去引导学生发现规律，同时训练学生用眼观察以及发现问题后思考如何解决问题。此环节的设置提高了学生的合作意识和思维能力，使学生感悟和领会出题人的思维和想法，最终得满分。

四、练习巩固

让学生运用以上学习到的解题方法解答下面2017年全国Ⅱ卷七选五试题，使学生在解题过程中加深对解题技巧的记忆并在之后的练习中可以灵活运用。

Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with while you’re trying to get work done. 36 , there are several ways to handle things. Let’s take a look at them now.

37 .Tell the person you’re sorry and explain that you have a million things to do and then ask if the two of you can talk at a different time.

When people try to interrupt you，have set hours planned and let them know to come back during that time or that youl’l find them then. 38 . It can help to eliminate (消除) future interruptions.

When you need to talk to someone，don’t do it in your own office. 39 , it’s much easier to excuse yourself to get back to your work than if you try to get someone out of your space even after explaining how busy you are.

If you have a door to your office, make good use of it.40 . If someone knocks and it’s not an important matter,excuse yourself and let the person know you’re busy so they can get the hint (暗示) that when the door is closed, you’re not to be disturbed.

A.If you’re busy, don’t feel bad about saying no

B.When you want to avoid interruptions at work

C.Set boundaries for yourself as far as your time goes

D.If you’re in the other person’s office or in a public area

E.Its’ important that you let them know when youl’l be available

F.It might seem unkind to cut people short when they interrupt you

G.Leave it open when you’re available to talk and close it when you’re not

答案：B，A，E，D，G。

设计意图：

利用思维导图学案，由段落过渡到篇章，学生的整体语境运用能力得到提升。并通过当堂训练使学生的做题能力有所提升，能做到举一反三。

五、呈现

请学生来呈现做题结果，用投影的方式展示给大家，并向大家讲解是如何做的。极大调动了学生的学习热情，为营造高效课堂打下基础。

六、利用思维导图总结本课内容

总结七选五解题三部曲，即通读全文，了解话题。依照技巧，选出答案。代入文章，进行复查。运用思维导图来总结本节课的教学内容，效果显著。把复杂问题简单化，引导学生把解题策略归纳为TCL,解题步骤为MCD,解题技巧为KFC，使学生易于掌握和运用。

七、作业

通过大量练习巩固解题策略。

本节课始终贯穿学法指导，有解题技巧的点拨，有七选五解题三部曲的总结，使学生收获颇多。首先，在引入部分，运用拼图游戏的引入让学生感受阅读理解七选五并不难。然后，分析近几年高考七选五的考点分布，明确出题的角度。接着引导学生通过做题，发现规律，并用顺口溜总结技巧。在概括七选五解题策略、解题步骤和总结技巧等环节，先让学生练习，再引导学生进行思考和小结，可谓讲练结合、学思结合。最后，限时训练，检测效果，使学生能够逐渐掌握运用思维导图进行解题的方法。思维导图的运用，使学生很好地掌握了这节课的学习内容，在接下来的高三英语阅读理解七选五复习中，更是激发了学生的学习兴趣，极大地提高了复习效率。