[U·说]黄秋平·说上海

黄秋平 / [Interviewee]HUANG Qiuping

[时 间]2018年1月18日 / [Date]January 18, 2018

[地 点]上 海 / [Place]Shanghai, China

[采访人]严文欣 吴灈杭 / [Interviewer]Yan Wenxin, Wu Quhang

Q1 您是世博轴的总建筑师，请您谈谈世博会对上海城市发展的影响。

上海世博会已经过去快10年了，如今提起，仿佛昨日。2010上海世博会是深刻影响上海城市未来发展进程的重大事件，是上海实现国际化发展目标的动力（图2）。现在评价世博会对上海城市发展的影响，可能时间长度还不够，因为重大事件的影响是深远的，但我能看到的影响有以下几个方面。

显性的影响首先是城市基础设施建设的跨越式发展。2010年世博会开幕前，上海共建成总长422km的11条轨道交通线，中心城区形成“四纵三横一环”轨道交通网，50%的出行通过公共交通实现，其中35%使用轨道交通；上海新建了4条越江隧道，把浦东浦西更紧密地联系起来；翻新改造了世博规划地区、相邻地区、相关地区的城市基础配套设施。可以说，世博会使上海基础设施提前了10年完成。

其次是实践示范了黄浦江两岸再开发进程，推动了上海中心城核心区域的功能转型和空间结构重整。2000年，上海就着手规划黄浦江两岸的产业转型改造，2010世博会则是这个整体规划的一次集体行动。到2017年年底，上海终于实现了黄浦江两岸从杨浦大桥到徐浦大桥45km的岸线全线贯通，原来点状的、片段式的公共空间、文化设施、商业开发沿江串联成了系统，基本完成了把浦江两岸建设成集综合服务、生态居住、旅游休闲于一体的规划目标，以此示范整个城市的发展方向。

当然更深远的是新观念、新技术、新材料的影响。本届世博会关于人与自然和谐的观念，追求城市的可持续发展，其核心是和谐的社会生态环境，包括城市自然生态环境、社会生态环境、经济环境、空间环境、生活环境，演变成今天的“绿水青山，金山银山”，这是深刻的观念转变。

围绕生态、绿色、节能，可持续理念的新技术、新材料展示极其丰富多彩。世博轴的设计集合了阳光谷与张拉膜结构设计制造技术、江水源与地热源利用技术、雨水收集与地下空间设计手法，展现了新观念引领下，新技术新材料的力量。本届世博会是一次低碳实验和绿色行动的环境盛会，在世博会后这些理念根植在建筑师群体，成为建筑创作的本源与回归。

图1 / Figure 12018年1月18日，黄秋平总建筑师在华东建筑设计研究总院接受采访Mr. HUANG Qiuping in Interview, January 18, 2018, East China Architectural Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd.,Shanghai, China

本届世博会还有一个创新点，就是设立最佳城市实践区。在最佳实践区内，保留的工业建筑占该区总建筑面积的60%以上，体现了在保护前提下的修复、改造和利用，使其具有新的功能和更高品质，并嵌入文化和时尚元素，既保存了历史记忆，又展现了时代精神，是城市发展中新理念新创意、新材料新产品、新技术新工艺的集中示范区，实践区有60多个各国案例。最佳城市实践区是成功的，留下了如上海当代艺术博物馆一类的文化地标建筑。目前这片区域已规划成为上海设计创新中心，正在发挥它的创新城市引领作用。

Q2 上海是座特色鲜明的城市，您认为上海有哪些充满活力的公共空间？它们在城市中是如何发挥作用的？

上海充满活力的公共空间首选黄浦江滨水岸线。一条黄浦江，浓缩了一个城市的历史，讲述了一个城市的故事，象征了上海海纳百川的城市精神，当然它还汇聚了上海最主要的生产和生活活动。

黄浦江滨水岸线从杨浦大桥开始。浦东，串联了民生码头和上海船厂等近现代工业文明基地、璀璨夺目的陆家嘴地区、自然现代的世博后滩地区、充满活力的前滩地区及休闲生活的三林地区；浦西，由杨浦滨江、北外滩、外滩、南外滩、里滩、徐汇滨江／西岸组成，一直到达徐浦大桥。以前大家熟悉的老外滩“情人墙”仅1.5km长，现在延长到45km，真正释放了滨水城市公共空间的活力。

滨江岸线东岸以“挖掘和激发具有上海特色的生活方式”为空间设计的出发点，交通系统由跑步道、自行车道、慢步道三道贯穿，并通过三类纵向轴线与腹地相连，形成一定纵深的滨水带，促进城市与自然的联系；博物馆、美术馆、音乐厅等文化设施与工业文明遗产交相辉映，以满足全年无休公共活动为目标；有意思的是，沿岸每1km设置一座集服务、观光商业功能于一体的灯塔，正好形成跑友的运动公里数指示牌。岸线目前的缺点是停车场、卫生设施、商业服务配套不够完善。

滨江岸线正在吸引越来越多的城市居民和游客，共同创造最有活力的公共空间。这条岸线促进了人与人、人与自然、人与历史的交流，融入了上海人的生活，体现了上海的城市特点和形象，展示了上海向世界一流滨水城市看齐的雄心。

Q3 您认为老街区对于当代城市发展有什么作用？

上海中心城区有12片历史风貌保护区，总面积27km2，规模相当于20世纪30年代老上海市区的1/3，包括外滩、老城厢、衡山路—复兴路、提篮桥地区；郊区确定了4座历史文化名镇及32片历史风貌保护区。

从功能角度看，这些老街区是有用的。由于生活的便利性，老街区依然是城市生活的稳定场所，以现代居住和公共使用功能运转着，由于其亲切宜人的尺度，生活其中的人们还舍不得离开，通过改造和植入，继续发挥它的功能；从历史文化角度，老街区提供了关于一个城市的历史情感价值。当代城市为人服务的最基本功能没有变，我们需要这样的情感价值。

图2 / Figure 22010年上海世博会场馆 / 2010 Shanghai Expo Pavilions

从城市识别性角度看，这些风貌区更具有上海城市空间特点和上海气质，如滨水空间特色、里弄肌理特色、建筑风貌特色、历史文化特色。老街区是上海百年来国际国内的城市形象和身份认同，区别于其他城市的识别性。

上海的窘境是土地资源的日益稀缺，因此“城市更新，存量优化”将是上海未来内涵式发展的重要路径，这是从城市可持续发展角度看待老街区的作用。

2017年，上海市政府把上海50年以上的建筑全部列为保留建筑，我想这更说明了老街区对当代城市的作用。

Q4 上海有黄浦江和苏州河等河流，请您谈谈对滨水空间的看法。

1990年浦东改革开放，黄浦江成为上海的城市空间核心，带动了浦江两岸由生产性岸线向公共开放空间的转型，由此产生浦江滨水空间。2000年，上海完成了黄浦江两岸总体规划构思以及苏州河滨河景观规划。从目前实施情况看，黄浦江滨水空间率先实施完成，应该是成功的。同黄浦江滨水空间相比，苏州河滨水空间存在联通性、公共性、亲水性等问题。实际上，苏州河与上海人的日常生活更加密切，尺度更加亲切。2005年，苏州河口外白渡桥河底建成了一段活动式千年防汛墙，因而苏州河完全有条件解决亲水性问题，但这需要时间和耐心。

关于滨水空间的看法，我认为，第一，滨水空间应该姓“公”，也应该是一个不限于经济或社会条件，任何人都有权进入的开放空间。公共空间的价值在于促进人的交流与融合，是城市活力的重要来源。公共空间的多少，其开放程度是衡量现代城市文明的重要标志，说得再高一点，公共空间是现代公民个体主体性和独立性的精神气质。上海在45km岸线贯通后不久，就在2018年1月正式发布的《上海城市总体规划（2017—2035）》中，提出构建公共活动中心体系，滨江两岸就是重要承载区，这是非常有远见的。第二，既然是滨水空间，就应该具有亲水性。上海的城市地面标高一般在4～5m，而“千年一遇”防汛墙设防标准是6.9m，这就形成临江不见江的尴尬，譬如现在的外滩一带，20世纪90年代改造时按新的设防标准，设计了箱体结构的防汛大堤，箱体内还设了不少商业，使本来向江边开放的单边街成了望不到水波船桅的交通干道，完全隔离了人与水的亲近关系。这方面解决得最好的案例是徐汇滨江西岸段，通过抬高整个区段地面道路和防汛墙后移，亲水性问题得到了彻底改观。这反映了设计观念、设计手法的时代局限性。第三，滨水空间应该回归自然，还原河流生态本来面貌，让水草可以生长，泥土可以呼吸，动物可以安家。这方面做得比较好的案例是浦东后滩滨江区段，该区段基本保留了野生芦苇和水生植物，草坪和泥地自然地伸入水面，呈现出上海滩“滩”的特性，呈现出勃勃的自然生机。第四，滨水空间应能吸引人并留得住人。这就需要配套完善的公共服务设施，如停车场、卫生间等，需要设置公共文化设施，让人有参与感和沉浸感，需要好的设计和高质量的完成度。浦江工程由于赶工，某些区段的设计施工质量还不尽如人意。第五，应保持区域识别性。杨浦滨江段的设计改造就反映了电厂、水厂、船厂上海百年工业历史区域特色。

我还有个愿望，希望有一天黄浦江苏州河能恢复到可以下河游泳的状态，那才是彻底的回归。河流是自然的馈赠，应该还原自然，还给生活，实现人与自然水乳交融的关系，城市与自然相互依存的关系。

Q5 上海“里弄”特色鲜明，请您谈谈“里弄”在当代上海城市中扮演的角色。

上海曾经有9,000多处石库门里弄，占上海市区全部住宅的60%以上。上海的石库门相当于多层联排高密度别墅，和北京的四合院一般只有一层不同，上海里弄石库门一般是2～3层，南北开门，带天井，有老虎窗，是东西文化融合的、适应上海自然气候环境的、符合当时上海社会经济发展的上海特色居住建筑。石库门建筑通过总弄—支弄鱼骨状的结构构成公共—半私密—私密空间的居住空间序列。由于用地紧张抑或当时的石库门开发商追求利润最大化，里弄公共空间被压缩到最小，形成了里弄公共空间的张力特色，因而里弄公共空间的秩序感、联通性、紧迫感及居住空间的独立性和局限性，促进了人与人之间的交流，成就了亲密感、归属感、责任感，成就了弄堂文化，塑造了上海人的性格：守秩、谦和、理性、精致。

中国当代城市发展的同质化现象非常普遍，从城市历史文化的角度、从城市特色发展的角度看“里弄”，“里弄”应该是今天仍然活在上海城市中的历史遗存、城市多元化发展的资源和有机组成部分。

大家熟悉的“新天地”被视作里弄商业高档化的成功案例、里弄石库门保护的样板，但实际是开发而非保护。不管如何，它是里弄改造的一种模式。上海还有田子坊模式、建业里模式、文保模式，里弄的保护和改造依然值得探索实践。

Q6 您认为游客与外来人口对上海城市特色塑造有何影响？

上海被称为“魔都”，它的魅力特色之一就是多样性，由不同外来人口共同融合而成。解放前以延安路(福煦路)为界，以南是老城厢，是中国人聚居区，以豫园、城隍庙、各类会馆混合市井生活民俗场景为特点；以北是英租界，是高楼洋行、十里洋场；淮海路—复兴路—衡山路一带是法租界，适宜的马路尺度和精致的别墅公寓形成了上海人所谓的“小资情调”；二战时期大批犹太人避难上海，形成了以摩西会堂为中心的犹太社区；寄居在法租界的小股白俄也留下了漂亮的圣母大堂和圣尼古拉斯堂，他们中有不少音乐家、舞蹈家和画家，在他们的带动下，歌剧和芭蕾舞在上海盛极一时。20世纪30年代到上海造访的外国人有爱因斯坦、泰戈尔、罗素、卓别林、萧伯纳；鲁迅、茅盾、巴金、丁玲、郁达夫、林语堂等一批外地人也齐集上海，当年的上海在电影、戏剧、文学、出版等行业空前繁荣。1921年，12个全国各地青年在上海法租界一栋小楼里开会交流成立了中国共产党，因而它的创新性，也是外来不同人思想碰撞交流的产物。“魔都”的第3个城市特色是公平性。来自世界各地的人，只要有能力便有机会在上海很好地生存发展下去，来自各方的生活方式、文化，也能够在上海得以展现和融合，只要这种生活方式和文化能够为城市生活带来新意。

这些特色百年来得到了很好地延续，依然是上海的鲜明特点，有助于吸引各地精英到上海发展创业，也能够促进城市文化的发展和丰富，因而，游客和外来人口对城市特色塑造是良性的互动作用。

Q7 请您列举一例上海最具特色的场所，并说明理由。

上海具有特色的场所很多，除了气象万千的浦江两岸，这次我想推荐一个小小的、几乎不为人知的福州路17—19号：旗昌洋行。

旗昌洋行是19世纪远东最著名的美资公司，1818年由美国商人Samul Russell创办于广州，1846年迁入上海。建筑建造于19世纪50年代，确切时间不详，是“上海早期外廊式建筑，立面呈石砌连续半圆券及尖券特征”。

推荐理由有三：

第一，这是我一位尊敬的长者、莫逆之交在闲谈中告诉我的。他当时在黄浦区房管所专门负责房屋修缮工作，中学毕业从学徒开始，摸爬滚打，到最近他负责上海外滩源的全部修缮复原工作，获得很大成功。他对外滩每栋建筑如数家珍，令我感动。

第二，这是外滩一带现存最早的建筑，按陈曦博士的说法：它见证了外滩的历史变迁；作为旗昌洋行办公楼，它经历了早期冒险家发家、鼎盛、衰败的历史进程；作为轮船招商局的产业，它铭记了民族资本如何在风云诡谲的商战中取得成功，又如何在官商相互利用、相互牵制的复杂机制中艰难前行；作为居民的住宅楼，它接受了从新中国成立初期的军营到单位公房的变化，又目睹了新历史条件下居民生存环境的恶化以及他们面对不可抗拒的国家政策、捉摸不定的房地产市场时的矛盾与无奈。

第三，我觉得待它有所不公。由于它没有站在外滩一线位置，与比邻的外滩9号仅一墙之隔，它几乎被嘈杂的现实淹没。以它的历史价值或建筑艺术价值，它应得到有效的保护和合理的使用。

[U-TALK]HUANG Qiuping·TALK about Shanghai City

[Interviewee]HUANG Qiuping[Date]January 18, 2018[Place] Shanghai, China[Interviewer] Yan Wenxin, Wu Quhang[Translator]Yan Wenxin, Wu Quhang (from Chinese to English)

HUANG Qiuping, Chief Architect of East China Architectural Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Professor-level senior architect, National First-Class Certified Architect, Senior Member of Architectural Society of China, Member of National Board of Architectural Accreditation of China, Deputy Secretary-general of Architectural Design Standardization Committee, Executive Director of Academic Committee of Underground Space–ASC, the Chief Architect of the Expo Axis and the Celebration Square, Shanghai World Expo 2010.

He focuses on research and practice of green architecture and large public building. He led and completed many projects such as the Expo Axis and the Celebration Square of Shanghai World Expo 2010, Yixing Cultural Center,New Headquarter of Development Bank etc (Figure 1).

Source: Provided by Mr. HUANG Qiuping.

Q1 You are the chief architect of the Expo Axis, would you please share some views about the impact of the World Expo on Shanghai’s urban development.

The Shanghai World Expo was held 10 years ago,but its influence remains until today. The 2010 Shanghai World Expo was a major event that profoundly affected the future development of Shanghai, as well as a driving force for Shanghai to achieve its internationalization goals (Figure 2).To fully assess the impact of the World Expo on Shanghai’s urban development, however, we may still need more time, because the impact of major events is far-reaching. The following impacts are what I can see for now.

The dominant in fl uence above all, was the leap-forward development of urban infrastructure. Before

the opening of the 2010 World Expo, a total of 11 metro lines with a total length of 422 kilometers were established in Shanghai, forming a “four vertical, three horizontal and one ring” transit network; 50% of the transportation was achieved through public transport, of which 35% used metro transit. Four new river tunnels were built to better connect Puxi and Pudong. Refurbishment and reconstruction of urban infrastructure facilities in the planned areas, adjacent areas, and related areas of the Expo zone were completed. It can be said that the Expo pushed Shanghai’s infrastructure construction 10 years forward.

The second in fl uence was the redevelopment practice on both sides of the Huangpu River, which also promoted the functional transformation and spatial restructuring of the urban core area of Shanghai. Since the year of 2000, Shanghai has been planning on the industry transformation along the Huangpu River. The 2010 World Expo was a collective action of this overall plan. By the end of 2017, Shanghai finally achieved a complete 45-kilometer coastline from the Yangpu Bridge to the Xupu Bridge on both banks of the Huangpu River, connecting the point-like, fragmented public space, cultural and commercial facilities along the river to form a system. This basically achieved the planning objectives of the integration of functions—service, ecology, residence, tourism and leisure—along the Huangpu River banks, which also served as an example guiding the development direction of the entire city.

Also profound was the impact of new ideas, new technologies, and new materials. The 2010 World Expo emphasized the concept of harmony between man and nature, and the pursuit of sustainable development of the city. Its core value was a harmonious social and ecological environment,including urban natural ecological environment,social ecological environment, economic environment, spatial environment, and living environment,which evolved into today’s “ Beautiful scenery is the gold and silver mines” development goal—a profound change of concept.

The demonstration of new technologies and new materials with ecological, green, energy saving and sustainable concepts were extremely diversified.The design of the Expo Axis, which integrated

the design and manufacturing technologies of the Sunshine Valley and tensile membrane structures,the use of water sources and ground heat, rainwater harvesting and underground space design techniques, was a demonstration of the capability of new technologies and materials under the guidance of new concepts. The 2010 World Expo was an environmental fest of low-carbon experiments and green actions. After the World Expo, these concepts have been rooted inside the architect community and have once again become an origin of architectural creation.

Another innovation in this Expo was the urban best practice area. In the best practice area, retained industrial buildings accounted for more than 60%of the total area, which reflected the concept of restoration, transformation and utilization under the premise of protection, enabled the insertion of new functions as well as the enhancement in urban quality, and also embedded culture and fashion elements. Historical memories were preserved and the Zeitgeist was demonstrated through this practice. The practice area was an integrated exemplary zone of new concept, new ideas, new materials,new products, and new technologies, consisting of more than 60 countries’ best urban practices. It was successful and left behind a number of cultural landmarks such as the Shanghai Museum of Contemporary Art. This area has now been planned to become the center of design and innovation in Shanghai and is playing its leading role for innovative cities.

Q2 Shanghai is a distinctive city. What are your opinions of Shanghai’s vibrant public space? How do they work in the city?

The most distinctive one of Shanghai’s vibrant public spaces is no doubt the Huangpu River waterfront. The River condenses the history of the city, tells the story of the city, and symbolizes the inclusive urban spirit of the city. The river also gathers Shanghai’s major production and living activities.

Huangpu River waterfront starts from the Yangpu Bridge. In Pudong’ it tandemly connects modern industrial civilization bases such as Minsheng Wharf and Shanghai Shipyard, glamorous Lujiazui CBD area, natural expo back beach area, vibrant

front beach area, and leisure Sanlin area; In Puxi’it is composed of the Yangpu Riverside, the North Bund, the Bund, the South Bund, Li tan Bund, and the Xuhui Riverside/West Bank, all the way to Xupu bridge. The old Bund—the Lover’s wall that everyone is familiar with—is only 1.5 kilometers in length, but the new Bund waterfront is now extended to 45 kilometers, which truly released the vitality of the waterfront urban public space.

The east bank of the waterfront coastline uses the concept of “excavating and stimulating the lifestyle with Shanghai characteristics” as its starting point.The trac system runs through three lanes of jogging, bicycle and slow trail, and is connected to the hinterland through three types of longitudinal axes. The waterfront belt promotes the connection between the city and nature. Museums, art galleries, concert halls and other cultural facilities complement the industrial heritages to fulfill the goal of all yearround public events. It is also interesting to note that every 1 km along the coastline there is a lighthouse that combines service and sightseeing business functions, and also serves as the sign of runner’s kilometer number. The current shortcoming of the coastline is the lack of parking lot, health facilities, and commercial service facilities alongside.

现以笔者的视听说教学为例，对教学资源的选择进行阐释：课程选用外语教学与研究出版社的《新视野大学英语视听说》（第3册），该教材的资源在主题及实用性等方面都适合独立院校英语专业的学生。教学资源包括纯听力资源、视听资源及口头输出资源等。此外，针对每单元的主题，增加英语新闻、歌曲、电影和电视剧、电视访谈节目、纪录片的片段等实景教学资源辅助教学。“真实的教学材料语言规范，可以为学生提供语言范例，使他们能够学习地道的语言表达方式”。[3]

The waterfront coastline is attracting more and more urban residents and tourists to jointly create the most dynamic public space, promoting exchange between people, people and nature, as well as people and history. The coastline is integrated into the life of the people of Shanghai;re fl ects the characteristics and image of Shanghai;and showcases Shanghai’s ambition to become a world-class waterfront city.

Q3 What do you think of the role of the historical architecture blocks in the contemporary development of the cities?

Shanghai’s downtown area has 12 historical protected areas with a total area of 27 square kilometers—equivalent to 1/3 of the old Shanghai city in the 1930s, including the Bund, Laochengxiang,Hengshan Road-Fuxing Road area, and Tilanqiao area. 4 historical and cultural towns and 32 historic preservation areas are identified in the suburban districts.

From a functional perspective, these old neighborhoods are useful. Taking advantage of the convenience of life due to its location, it is still a preferable place for city life and operates now under modern living and public use functions. Because of its pleasant scale, people living in it are reluctant to leave and continue to use its functions through transformation and implantation. From a historical and cultural point of view, the historical blocks are of emotional values to a city. The basic functions of contemporary cities to serve the people have not changed, and we need such emotional values.

From the perspective of urban recognizability,these historical areas are characteristic of Shanghai’s typical urban space and temperament, such as waterfront space, historical lanes, architectural style, and cultural characteristics. The historical blocks are Shanghai’s international and domestic city image and identity developed during the past 100 years, and distinguish the city from other cities.

Shanghai is facing increasing scarcity of land resources. Therefore, “renewal & optimization”will be an important path for the connotative development of Shanghai in the future. This is a function of the historical blocks from a sustainable urban development perspective.

In 2017, the Shanghai municipal government listed all buildings with a history of more than 50 years as preserved buildings. I think it further explains the role of the historical blocks in contemporary cities.

Q4 Shanghai has an abundance of water resources including rivers such as the Huangpu River and the Suzhou Creek.Can you share some views on the waterfront space?

Since the reform and opening up in Pudong in 1990, the Huangpu River has became the core of Shanghai’s urban space, driving the functional transition of the coastline from productive uses to the public open spaces, which resulted in the idea of the Huangpu river waterfront space. In 2000,Shanghai completed the master plan for both sides of the Huangpu River and the landscape plan for the Suzhou Creek waterfront. Judging from its current implementation situation, the implementation of the waterfront space in the Huangpu River is completed fi rst and can be considered successful.In comparison with the Huangpu River waterfront space, the Suzhou Creek waterfront has more problems in terms of connectivity, publicity, and hydrophilicity. In fact, however, Suzhou Creek has more connections with the daily life of Shanghai people and its scale is more people-friendly. In 2005, at the foot of the Waibaidu Bridge at the estuary of the Suzhou Creek, a movable millennium flood prevention wall was built. Therefore, we believe the Suzhou Creek is fully capable of solving the problem of hydrophilicity, but it will take time and patience.

Regarding the views of the waterfront space, I personally think that: First, the waterfront space should be named “public”. It should be an open public space to all, regardless of their economic or social conditions: everyone has the right to enter.Public spaces are important sources of urban vitality, and the value of public spaces lies in promoting communication and integration among people.I believe that the quantity and quality of public spaces, and the degree of openness are important indicators to evaluate modern urban civilization.It can even be said that public space is the temperament of modern citizens’ individual subjectivity and independence. After Shanghai’s 45-kilometer coastline was completed, in January this year, a public activity system is proposed in the official“Shanghai Urban Master Plan (2017-2035)”. Both sides of the riverside are important bearing areas of this proposal, which is very far-sighted. Secondly,since it is a waterfront space, it should be hydrophilic. The urban elevation of Shanghai is generally between 4-5 meters, and the “thousand-yearold” fl ood prevention wall protection standard is 6.9 meters, which results in the situation of “by the riverside without seeing the riverside”. For example,during the renovation of the Bund in the 1990s, a fl ood-proof embankment with a box structure was designed according to the new security standards.Some business functions are enclosed in the body,the result of which is, however, that the unilateral street that was originally open to the river becomes a main traffic route with no views of the river,completely isolating the close relationship between people and water. The best solution to this problem is to learn from the Xuhui Riverside/West Bank.

The hydrophilicity problem is solved by raising the entire section of the ground road and the fl ood prevention wall. This reflects an improvement in design concepts and design methods through time.Thirdly, I believe the waterfront space should be returned to nature to restore the river ecology,and to allow the aquatic plants to grow, the soil to breathe, and the animals to settle. The better case in this regard is the Houtan Riverside section of Pudong. The section retains most wild reeds and aquatic plants. Lawn and muddy lands reaches into the water surface naturally, displaying the characteristics of the “beach” on the beach, and preserving its vitality. Fourthly, the waterfront space should be able to attract and retain people. This requires a complete set of public service facilities,such as parking lots, toilets, and soon. To involve and to immerse people, you need to have public cultural facilities, with good design and high quality of construction. Due to its short construction time period, the Huangpu riverside project is still not satisfactory in terms of design and construction quality in some sections. Last but not least, the distinctiveness of the region designed should be retained. The design of the Yangpu Riverside section is a good example in that it re fl ects the characteristics of the power plants, water plants, and shipyards that is representative of Shanghai’s 100-year industrial history.

Q5 The Lilong (historical lane) of Shanghai has distinctive features. Could you please talk about the role of historical lanes in contemporary Shanghai cities?

Shanghai used to have more than 9,000 Shikumen Lanes, accounting for more than 60% of all residential buildings in Shanghai. Shanghai’s Shikumen is equivalent to a multi-storey, high-density villa.Unlike Beijing’s siheyuan, which is generally only one storey high, Shanghai’s Shikumen is generally 2～3 stories high. It opens on the north and south

side, has a patio, and a dormer window. It integrates eastern and western culture, adapts to Shanghai’s climatic environment, and is in line with Shanghai’s socio-economic development at that time. Shikumen building formed a public-semi-private-private space residential spatial sequence through a leaf-like structure, with a main lane and several branch lanes. Due to reasons such as scarcity of land, as well as developers’ need to maximize pro fi t, public space in the lanes is often minimized, which resulted in the characteristic tension of public space in the lanes. Thus the hierarchy, connectivity, and tension within the public space, and the individuality and limitation of private living space in the historical lanes promote communication between people, and achieved a sense of intimacy, a sense of belonging, and a sense of responsibility among the residents. The historical lanes also shape the character of the Shanghai people: orderly, modest, rational, and exquisite.

The homogenization of contemporary urban development in China is very common. If we view the historical lanes from the perspective of urban history and culture, and from the perspective of the development of urban characteristics, the historical lanes should be the heritages that still live in Shanghai today, and are precious resources and organic components of a city’s diversi fi ed development.

Xintiandi mode, which a lot of people is familiar with, is seen as a successful case of commercial gentri fi cation, and the model for protection of Shikumen. But it was actually more of a development path rather than protection path. Either way, it was still one method for the transformation of historical lanes. Other different development paths such as Tianzifang mode, Jianyeli mode, cultural heritage mode, and protection and transformation mode of historical lanes are still worth exploring and practicing.

Q6 What impact do you think tourists and migrants have on the shaping of Shanghai’s urban characteristics?

Shanghai is known as “Magic City”. One of her charisma lies in her diversity. It is formed by the integration of different migrant population. Before the founding of new China, the south side of Yan’an Road (Fukeng Road) is the old city area, and is inhabited mostly by Chinese. This side featured

Yuyuan Garden, Chenghuang Temple, and various guildhalls and led a folk life. The north side was formerly the British Concession, featuring high-rise buildings, Shiliyangchang, and Huaihai Road-Fuxing Road-Hengshan Road area. The French Concession is characteristic of its pedestrian-friendly road scales and exquisite villas, shaping the so-called“Petty Bourgeoisie” character of Shanghainese. A number of Jews who took refuge in Shanghai during the World War II formed a Jewish community centering the Moses Hall. Some Russians who lived in the French Concession also left their beautiful halls and churches. Many of them are musicians, dancers and painters, which also led to the popularity of operas and ballets in Shanghai at that time. In the 1930s Shanghai was visited by a bunch of famous people such as Einstein, Tagore, Russell, Chaplin,Shaw Bernard, Lu Xun, Mao Dun, Ba Jin, Ding Ling, Yu Dafu, Lin Yutang. Shanghai at that time was unprecedentedly prosperous in cinema, theater,and literature and publishing. In 1921, 12 young people across the country met in a small building in the French Concession in Shanghai to establish the Chinese Communist Party. Therefore, we can conclude that Shanghai’s innovativeness is also a result of the exchange of thoughts and collisions among different people from all over the world. Another character of the “Magic City” is its fairness. No matter where one comes from, he or she will have good opportunities to survive and develop in Shanghai as long as one has the ability. The dierent ways of life and culture can be integrated in Shanghai as long as this lifestyle and culture can bring new ideas into city life.

These characteristics have been well continued in the past 100 years and are still distinctive features of Shanghai. They are conducive to attracting elites from all over the country to do their business in Shanghai and also promote the development and enrichment of urban culture. As a result, tourists and foreign residents are positive shapers of city features.

Q7 Please list one typical venue in Shanghai and explain why.

There are many places with distinctive features in Shanghai. Apart from the Huangpu River waterfronts, I would like to recommend one less popular spot located in No.17-19 Fuzhou Road: Qichang Foreign Bank.

Qichang Yangxing is the most famous US-funded company in the Far East in the 19th century.Founded by American businessman Samul Russell in Guangzhou in 1818, it was moved to Shanghai in 1846. The architecture was built in the 1850s, the exact time being unknown. It bears the features of“Shanghai’s early corridor-style building.” Its facade is a continuous semicircular stone arch with sharp features.

Recommendation reasons are as follows:

First, a respected elder friend of mine told me about this building during a chat. At the time, he was responsible for house refurbishments in the Huangpu District Housing Management Oce. He had started his apprenticeship after graduating from secondary school. In the past few years, he has been responsible for the refurbishment and recovery work of the Bund and has achieved great success. I am touched by the fact that he literally knows every building on the Bund.

Secondly, this is one of the oldest existing buildings in the Bund area. According to Dr. Chen Xi’s statement, it witnessed the historical changes of the Bund; as the office building of Qichang Foreign Bank, it experienced the historical process of the early adventurers making their fortune, prospered,and declined; as an industry of the China Shipping Merchants Holdings, it bore in mind how national capital succeeded in the ups and downs of business wars, and how it progressed with difficulty in the complex mechanisms of mutual use and mutual control of government ocials and merchants; as a residential building, it accepted the change from barracks to unit public housing from the early days of the founding of the new China, and also witnessed the deterioration of the living conditions of the residents under the new historical conditions and their conflicts and helplessness while facing irresistible national policies and an uncertain real estate market.Third, I think it is unfairly treated. Since it did not stand on the Bund line, it was separated from the nearby Bund No. 9 by a wall and was almost overwhelmed by the noisy reality. With its historical value and architectural value, it should be more eectively protected and reasonably used.