陈冬梅
【摘 要】初中英语课堂中语法教学是必要的,它符合初中生认知规律的循序渐进的语法教学,它使得学生能够准确有效地理解和掌握英语。根据仁爱版九年级英语教科书的语法教学模式,可概括为“呈现—发现—归纳—实践—活用。” 在五个环节中,归纳非常重要。如果归纳失败,就会导致发现失误;如果归纳不清,对实践和活用必然产生误导。
【关键词】语法课 呈现 发现 归纳 实践 活用
中学英语课堂中语法教学是必要的,它符合初中生认知规律的循序渐进的语法教学,它使得学生能够准确有效地理解和掌握英语。根据仁爱版九年级英语教科书的语法教学模式,可概括为“呈现—发现—归纳—实践—活用。” 在五个环节中,归纳非常重要。如果归纳失败,就会导致发现失误;如果归纳不清,对实践和活用必然产生误导。本文以仁爱九年级英语教科书中的时态和语态为例,谈谈如何做好一节语法课的归纳与扩展。
一、借助呈现,甄别发现
从呈现课文中句子“Disneyland is enjoyed by millions of people from all over the world.” 中我们首先发现be动词加动词过去分词再加介词by 构成被动语态。同时我们也发现一个固定结构“am/is/are +past participle” 为一般现在时的被动语态。
借助呈现,不难甄别发现,同时也必须对发现进行甄别。因此我们知道 is 是be动词,而spoken,used 是行为动词的过去分词,除此之外还有其他be 动词与行为动词的过去分詞搭配构成一般现在时态的被动语态。这一点也在实践与活用的练习中得以体现,并加以练习。
Example: 用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1.The girl (take) care of by Granny.
2.I (tell) to clean the classroom now.
二、借助发现,归纳扩展
发现让我们知道事物的所以然,让我们能够准确地懂得be 动词与行为动词的过去分词搭配构成一般现在时态的被动语态。然而,适当的归纳扩展却能让我们对知识形成整体的体系。
1.一般过去时,一般将来时,现在进行时,现在完成时的被动语态。
1.The bulb was invented in 1879.
2.Many trees were planted by us last year.
3.When will the movie be shown.
4.The flowers are being watered by them
5.Class 6 is being taught by her.
6.This song has been taught many times on the radio.
2.含情态动词的被动语态。
1.Many more trees should be planted by us.
2.He must be sent to hospital at once.
3.Something can be done to fight water pollution.
3.主动句中的宾语补足语如果是不带to 的不定式,如make/see/feel/hear/notice sb. do sth. 等,在变被动句时要加上to。
A girl was heard to sing in the next room by them.
The workers were made to work 12 hours a day by the boss in the factory.
4.带双宾语的谓语动词有两种改法。当把直接宾语改成主语时,谓语动词后必须加适当的介词 to,for.
A cellphone was bought for me by my father last week.
此类动词有:pass,give,show,send,cook,draw,mend等。
5.不及物动词不能直接用于被动语态。如:
The girl will be well cared for.
A traffic accident happened just now.
此类动词有:happen,appear,disappear等。
6.连系动词(Link.v.)不用被动语态。 如be,look,seem,feel,sound,smell,taste,get,turn,become等。
Peking Opera sounds beautiful.
7.当此动词表示事物的自然属性的时候,不用被动语态 。
The pen writes very fast.
This kind of sweater sells well.
三、借助归纳,实践活用
◆选择填空
More underground railways ___ in Shanghai in the years to come.
A,are built B,were built C,will be built D,will build
◆同义句转换
The students must take good care of all the books in the school library.
All the books in the school library must ______________ good care of by the students.
简而言之,在语法课的教学上,我们首先要让学生自己发现新的语法现象,帮助他们归纳出语法结构形式与功能。同时,适当地加以扩展。在实践与活用中,帮助他们正确运用语法结构。
参考文献
[1]庄志兴:《中考必备英语语法大全》,世界知识出版社2005年8月第二版
[2]张道真:《实用英语语法》,商务印书馆出版社1978年8月修订第2版