李文燕 郭亚楠 郑昕蕊 张红霞 于丽 江洪
[摘要] 目的 探讨孕期PM2.5暴露影响子代大脑发育中HMGB1/NF-κB p65通路的作用。 方法 40只昆明小鼠孕鼠随机分5组,每组8只。气管滴注法向对照组注30 μL PBS,PM2.5低、中、高剂量组各注0.25920、1.56695、3.45600 μg/μL PM2.5混悬液30 μL,孕期每3天注1次,共7次。空白组无处理。ELISA法检测子代大脑皮层肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)、高迁移率族蛋白1(HMGB1)、核因子κB p65(NF-κB p65)浓度;Western blot、RT-PCR法检测HMGB1、NF-κB p65蛋白及mRNA变化。 结果 ELISA示与对照组相比,高、中剂量组IFN-γ、NF-κB p65升高而HMGB1下降(P < 0.05),高剂量组TNF-α升高(P < 0.05)。Western blot示高、中剂量组与对照组相比,HMGB1下降且NF-κB p65上升(P < 0.05)。PCR示HMGB1 mRNA无变化,高剂量组NF-κB p65 mRNA高于对照组(P < 0.05)。 结论 孕期PM2.5暴露使子代鼠大脑皮层产生炎症,HMGB1/NF-κB通路可能起重要作用。
[关键词] 大脑皮层;PM2.5;γ-干扰素;肿瘤坏死因子-α;高迁移率族蛋白1;核因子κB p65;子代鼠
[中图分类号] R715.3 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2018)04(a)-0022-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the mechanism of HMGB1/NF-κB signal pathway affecting cerebral development of offspring after exposure to PM2.5 during pregnancy. Methods Fourty pregnant Kunming mice were randomly divided into 5 groups, 8 rats in each group. PM2.5 low-dose group, medium-dose group and high-dose group were instilled 30 μL PM2.5 suspension of 0.25920, 1.56695, 3.45600 μg/μL respectively by improved technique for rapid intratracheal instillation. The control group was instilled PBS of the same volume. The blank group received no treatments. Mice were instilled tracheally once every 3 days for 7 times during pregnancy. ELISA was used to measure the levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, HMGB1 and NF-κB p65 in the cerebral cortex of offspring mice. Western blot and RT-PCR were used to detect the protein and mRNA expression of HMGB1 and NF-κB p65. Results ELISA showed that compared with the control group, the levels of IFN-γ, NF-κB p65 and HMGB1 in the high and middle dose groups were significantly lower (P < 0.05); high-dose group TNF-α increased (P < 0.05). Western blot showed that HMGB1 decreased and NF-κB p65 increased in the high and middle dose groups compared with the control group (P < 0.05). PCR showed HMGB1 mRNA unchanged; high-dose group NF-κB p65 mRNA was higher than the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy may cause inflammation in the cerebral cortex of offspring mice, and HMGB1/NF-κB pathway may play an important role.
[Key words] Cerebral cortex; PM2.5; IFN-γ; TNF-α; HMGB1; NF-κB p65; Offspring mice
大氣细颗粒物(AD≤2.5 μm,PM2.5)成分复杂,可吸附细菌、病毒、重金属等。PM2.5通过呼吸进入机体经血液循环及胎盘影响孕妇和新生儿[1]。炎性反应是孕期PM2.5暴露影响子代认知的首要机制[2]。本课题组前期发现孕期PM2.5暴露使子代鼠心、脾、肝等脏器结构紊乱,出现炎症等病理改变[3]。目前关于PM2.5对子代脑发育影响机制的研究尚少。本研究通过检测孕期PM2.5暴露后子代鼠大脑皮层TNF-α、IFN-γ、HMGB1、NF-κB p65变化,评估孕期空气污染对胎儿神经系统的毒性作用。
1 材料与方法
1.1 实验动物与模型制备
雌性昆明小鼠40只,6~8周龄,体重(34±2)g,购自青岛动物实验中心,生产许可证号:SCXK(鲁)20140001。按动物伦理学标准处理动物。室温25℃,自由饮水、进食。雌雄比2∶1合笼,次日查有阴栓者记为孕第1天。孕鼠随机分为空白组、对照组及PM2.5低、中、高剂量组,每组8只。空白组无处理;对照组注30 μL PBS;PM2.5低、中、高剂量组各注30 μL浓度为0.25920、1.56695、3.45600 μg/μL的PM2.5混悬液,采用气管滴注法孕期每3天(即孕第1、4、7、10、13、16、19天)滴注,共7次。
1.2 PM2.5的采集和處理
用采样器收集供暖季潍坊市大气细颗粒物。细颗粒物滤膜裁成小块浸入去离子水,低温超声振荡,收集滤液。颗粒物悬液冷冻真空干燥,-20℃保存[4]。根据实验用PBS稀释细粒子。
1.3 主要试剂与仪器
HMGB1单克隆抗体购自美国Abcom公司,NF-κB p65单克隆抗体购自美国CST公司,Multiskan FC型酶标仪购自美国Thermo公司等。
1.4 实验方法
1.4.1 ELISA检测子代鼠大脑皮层TNF-α、IFN-γ、HMGB1、NF-κB p65浓度变化 解剖各组2周龄子代鼠,剥离大脑皮层组织,冰上匀浆,4℃ 10 000 r/min离心15 min,测定蛋白浓度。按ELISA试剂盒操作。酶标仪测450 nm吸光度值。
1.4.2 Western blot检测子代鼠大脑皮层HMGB1、NF-κB p65蛋白表达 子代鼠(2周龄)大脑皮层组织置于冰上裂解提蛋白。取30 μg蛋白样品行SDS-PADE电泳,恒压90 V将蛋白转至PVDF膜。将膜置于5%脱脂奶粉中,室温封闭抗原2 h后分别放入一抗兔抗HMGB1(1∶8000)、兔抗NF-κB p65(1∶1000)中4℃低温摇床孵育过夜,二抗IgG室温摇床孵育2 h。GAPDH(1∶8000)作为对照,ECL化学发光系统检测。
1.4.3 RT-PCR检测HMGB1、NF-κB p65 mRNA表达 测定子代鼠(2周龄)大脑皮层组织总RNA浓度和纯度,各样品反转录成cDNA行PCR扩增。HMGB1上游引物:5′-GGCGAGCATCCTGGCTTATC-3′,下游引物: 5′-GGCTGCTTGTCATCTGCTG-3′,扩增片段长度88 bp。NF-κB p65上游引物:5′-AGGCTTCTGGGCCTTATGTG-3′,下游引物:5′- TGCTTCTCTCGCCAGGAATAC-3′,产物长度111 bp。β-actin上游引物:5′-GGCTGTATTCCCCTCCATCG-3′,下游引物:5′-CCAGTTGGTAACAATGCCATGT-3′,产物长度154 bp。PCR反应条件:95℃ 2 min,95℃ 30 s、60℃ 30 s、72℃ 30 s,30个循环,72℃延伸10 min。5 μL扩增产物1.5%琼脂糖凝胶电泳30 min获图像。
1.5 统计学方法
采用SPSS 22.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料数据用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两组间比较采用t检验;以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 子代鼠大脑皮层中TNF-α、IFN-γ、HMGB1、NF-κB p65浓度变化情况
与对照组相比,PM2.5各剂量组子代鼠大脑皮层中TNF-α、IFN-γ、NF-κB p65浓度均升高,其中,高剂量组TNF-α浓度与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),高、中剂量组IFN-γ、NF-κB p65浓度与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);PM2.5各剂量组与对照组相比HMGB1浓度下降,其中,高、中剂量组与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。对照组与空白组各指标差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表1。
2.2 子代鼠大脑皮层中HMGB1、NF-κB p65蛋白表达情况
Western blot示PM2.5各剂量组与对照组相比,子代鼠大脑皮层HMGB1蛋白表达降低,NF-κB p65蛋白表升高,其中高、中剂量组差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);对照组与空白组各指标差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见图2、3。
2.3子代鼠大脑皮层中HMGB1及NF-κB p65 mRNA表达情况
PCR扩增产物凝胶电泳示PM2.5模型组与对照组相比,HMGB1 mRNA表达无明显改变(P > 0.05)。高剂量组与对照组相比,子代鼠大脑皮层NF-κB p65 mRNA表达升高,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。而对照组与空白组差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见图4、5。
3 讨论
我国每年PM2.5污染可致约120万人过早死亡和2500万健康生命损失[5]。动物脑组织暴露于PM2.5会损伤小脑、海马等[6-8]。生命早期是中枢神经形成的关键时期,孕期母体暴露于汽车尾气颗粒物危害胎仔神经系统的正常发育[9]。污染空气中雌鼠子代认知受损,考虑是综合因素作用于脑的先天免疫识别基因与神经炎症的级联反应所致[10]。孕期PM2.5暴露对胎儿神经系统的毒性机制有待深入研究。
HMGB1是非组蛋白,在脑、肝、肺等器官极丰富。一般情况下主要在细胞内表达,参与细胞分化、DNA修复等。机体受损时,细胞内HMGB1经活化细胞主动分泌或坏死细胞被动释放进入胞外或外周循环发挥致炎作用[11-14]。细胞外HMGB1能与晚期糖基化终末产物受体和Toll样受体4结合[15-16],激活NF-κB通路[16-17],产生大量TNF-α等炎症因子,引发炎症[18-19]。本研究显示与对照组相比,孕期PM2.5暴露导致模型组子代鼠大脑皮层中HMGB1蛋白表达下降,HMGB1 mRNA无改变,推测坏死或活化细胞经内质网-高尔基体途径释放HMGB1到细胞外或外周循环,星形胶质细胞等分泌的HMGB1主要来自细胞核储备而非新合成[20],故检测到模型组子代鼠大脑皮层HMGB1蛋白降低。PM2.5模型组NF-κB p65蛋白与对照组相比升高,高剂量组与对照组相比NF-κB p65 mRNA上升。孕期PM2.5暴露引起模型组大脑皮层TNF-α、IFN-γ浓度增高。
综上所述,孕期一定剂量PM2.5暴露使子代鼠大脑皮层炎症因子表达改变,HMGB1/NF-κB通路可能起关键作用。孕期PM2.5暴露影响子代脑发育是多机制调节的复杂过程,了解其对子代脑发育的影响对提高空气污染预防意识及尽早建立孕妇和胎儿特异监测指标有重要意义。
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