Sarah Webster Fabio：（Re）Covering the Rainbow

Jerry W.Ward

Abstract： One important trend in contemporary studies of African American literature and culture is an effort to reassess works by writers and other artists whose contributions to the Black Arts Movement （BAM） have been accorded insufficient critical discussion. One such figure is the poet Sarah Webster Fabio. Her vernacular theorizing and praxis establish her legacy in the contexts of African American literary history. This article provides a brief commentary on her construction of legacy in the Rainbow Series， seven volumes or chapbooks published in 1973. It provides suggestions for how her specifications regarding literature and culture and modeling of sociopoetics might be studied now and in the future.

Key words： Sarah Webster Fabio； vernacular theorizing； African American linguistics； poetry

Author： Dr. Jerry W. Ward is distinguished Professor Emeritus of Dillard University， New Orleans， USA. He has taught at different universities in the USA and taught at Central China Normal University， from 2013-2016， as a Distinguished Overseas Professor sponsored by the Ministry of Education of China. He is the author of several books such as The Katrina Papers： A Journal of Trauma and Recovery （2008） and The China Lectures： African American Literary and Critical Issues （2014）. He is also the co-editor of The Cambridge History of African American Literature （2011） and The Richard Wright Encyclopedia （2008）. E-mail： jerry.ward31@hotmail.com

標题：萨拉·韦伯斯特·法比奥：“彩虹”的遮蔽与发掘

内容提要：不少作家和艺术家对黑人艺术运动做出的贡献都没有得到足够重视，重新去评估他们的作品，已成为当代非裔美国文学和文化研究中的重要趋势。萨拉·韦伯斯特·法比奥就是没有得到足够重视的一位。她的方言化理论和实践是她留给非裔美国文学史的遗产。本文将简要评介这一遗产在她的彩虹系列诗歌之中的体现，该系列诗歌由她在1973年发表的七卷诗集组成。此外，对现在以及将来如何去研究她关于文学、文化和社会诗学的相关观点，本文将提供一些有用的建议。

关键词：萨拉·韦伯斯特·法比奥；方言理论；非裔美国语言学；诗歌

作者简介：杰瑞·沃德博士是美国迪拉德大学杰出荣休教授，此前曾在美国多所大学任教，在2013-2016年期间，受中国教育部“海外名师”计划资助，担任华中师范大学特聘教授。沃德博士著有《卡特琳娜文献：创伤与复原的日志》（2008）和《美国非裔文学批评：杰瑞·沃德教授中国演讲录》（2014）等，与人合编有《剑桥非裔美国文学史》（2011）和《理查德·怀特百科全书》（2008）等。

Sarah Webster Fabio （1928-1979） was highly esteemed by some （but not all） readers for her contributions to Black Arts/Black Aesthetic discourses in the 1960s and early years of the 1970s. Although neither her prose nor her poetry was included in the groundbreaking anthology Black Fire （1968）， edited by LeRoi Jones and Larry Neal， her essay “Tripping with Black Writing” in the foundational anthology The Black Aesthetic （1971）， edited by Addison Gayle， did position her among those Ameer Baraka （LeRoi Jones） deemed “the founding Fathers and Mothers， of our nation.” In “Afro-American Literary Critics： An Introduction，” Darwin T. Turner listed her as one of the new critics who were “explaining theory rather than merely commenting on practice” （75）. Turner might have been thinking of her essay “Who Speaks Negro？，” which first appeared in Negro Digest， December 1966. Fabio responded with vigorous polemic， as Hazel Arnett Ervin reminds us in her introduction for African American Literary Criticism 1773 to 2000 （1999）， to John Oliver Killenss call in “Opportunities for Development of Negro Talent” which is included in The American Negro Writer and His Roots to explain （i.e.， to theorize） linguistic features of African American aesthetic commerce.

Hers was at once an act of re（discovering） and re（covering）， an act that resonates for our benefit in the literary work we might or ought to do in 2018. We can find genuine illumination regarding comment on practice in her “Authors Note about the Two Versions of the Poem ‘Of Puddles， Worms， Slimy Things （A Hoodoo Nature Poem）” in Yardbird Review. Fabios note， particularly as it is reproduced in volume one of the Rainbow Series， is a prelude to the kind of work Brent Hayes Edwards does with the poetics of transcription and translation in Epistrophies： Jazz and the Literary Imagination （2017） as he looks back to the vernacular theorizing of James Weldon Johnson. ②Fabio was not ahead of her time. She was on and in time.

The distinction Turner made between theory and praxis was echoed in a different guise in the evaluative paragraph Eugene B. Redmond wrote on her poetry in Drumvoices： The Mission of Afro-American Poetry （1976）. Redmond noted the poems she published in the volumes A Mirror： A Soul （1969） and Black is a Panther Caged （1972） were “formal， reflecting her vast reading-thinking range； but the later work [the seven volumes she published as the rainbow series in 1973] shows that she had joined the new poetry movement completely” （Redmond 412）. His summary judgment of her poetry in the series is telling： “Her recent voluminous efforts deal with experimental blues poems， rap styles， folk narratives， and attempts to reconstruct black oral history. These things she does quite well on her albums and in live readings； but much of the work in the new books is excessively conversational and burdened with contrived hipness” （Redmond 412）.

Forty-two years of distance from Redmonds critical opinion allows us to read Fabios conversational strategies and hip articulations in a very different context or set of circumstances. From the perspectives of 2018， Fabios （re）covering of the rainbow in her series can be read as a strong instance of rejecting a defensive posture， as a prophetic model for contemporary poetry in the arena of what is designated break-beat！③ Indeed， what is refreshingly conversational and very hip in her rainbow series is enthralling.

In short， Fabios status in the history of black writing and African American poetry warrants a revisionist assessment. In the shorthand of academic talk， such reconsideration or focused meditation ought to be aware of its own historicity. To say the same thing in plain language， the reader/theorist/critic tries to account for the time， uncertain signification， and complexity of his reading. “Thus， for a theorist to acknowledge autobiography as a driving force，” according to Houston A. Baker， Jr.， “is for him or her to do no more than tell the truth” （Baker 49）. In terms of everyday talk， the truth to which Baker refers is a matter of reasonable correspondence between a proposition and what in reality is the case. On the other hand， the truth of how Fabio recovered the rainbow in her poetics forces me to deal with a broader spectrum of what corresponded to what between 1973 and 2018 in my own writing and reading of poetry. Fabio assigned me a heavy task when she wrote in my copy of Volume 7： Jujus and Jubilees —“For Jerry Ward/ who will be able to/ get to the essence of this” （title page， n.p.）. Telling the truth， nothing but the truth， and the whole truth about essence is a gamble.

ii

What differentiates Fabios Rainbow Sign project from many we think are typical of the Black Arts Movement is exactness or clarity of purpose. Other projects were not vague. They had purpose， but the organizers did not keep their eyes on the prize as assiduously as did Fabio. Her exactness in organizing her poetry matches the theoretical exactness of Stephen Hendersons Understanding the New Black Poetry： Black Speech & Black Music as Poetic References （1973）， a book she referenced in Volume 7， page viii. Perhaps Fabio knew her time on this earth would not be long. She died six years after completing the project， knowing that she had specified how scholars and readers should understand her poetry in a future.

Consider the project as a poetic speech act of some magnitude， or as an absolute covenant that possesses affirmative， disjunctive， implied and specific properties. Reassessing her work in the frames of legal concepts exposes grounds for continual， historical interpretation. The fact that Fabio used the poem “Rainbow Signs” as an epigraph for each of the seven volumes is indicative of purpose； the project was legacy and promise. The entire poem is printed on the front inside covers of each volume. The first stanza of the poem uses visual imagery to secure an aesthetic response to a natural phenomenon； the second stanza yokes description of location with petition—

Yeah，

Theyre almost

anywhere you look

spreading prisms

Of light

around the moon

at night，

arching the sun

in the afternoon，

eclipsing dark clouds

at daybreak.

Look for them and

they are there

about you everywhere.

We who are on the ark

our beings singed by fire

ask for the cooling waters，

ask for the calming rain.

And the third， concluding stanza is imperative—

Take away the fire-lust，

take away the fire，

send down the cooling waters，

send down the cooling rain，

give us， again， the rainbow sign，

give us， again， the rain.

Whether a reader engages a single volume or all seven volumes， the poem emphasizes purpose and yearning. In contrast to some of her contemporaries who took black poetry to be a given， Fabio recognized the poetry was imminent； we had to ask for it repeatedly.

Fabio dedicated the series Rainbow Signs in seven volumes generally to the spirit forces which had guided her in the endeavor， but volumes 1， 2， 3 and 7 contain special dedications to individuals or groups. Volume 1 “is dedicated to the Neo-hoodoo writers， especially Ishmael Reed and Calvin Hernton. It is for all of those who worked jujus and alchemy of the blues” （iii）. Remembering that “black music/musicians more than any other single force in the American experience formed a band holding a shackled people more together than iron chains whether in worship， play， love， sorrow， mortal combat for our freedom” （n.p.） Fabio created Volume 2 “for all those musicians/magicians who are named/unnamed； known/unknown who through love translated their lives into improvisation， harmony， jazz， blues， rock and roll， and all of those down home soul beats which ever reminded us we were a folk of SOUL” （n.p.）. She stresses the centrality of music and sound in the unfolding of African American history. That the word “soul” is rendered in capital letters reminds us that W. E. B. DuBoiss classic collection of essays as sorrow songs was entitled The Souls of Black Folk （1903）， that in 1973 “soul” was in vogue. Aware the poetry and other expressive forms of the Black Arts Movement were at once individual and collective， Fabio dedicated Volume 3 “to the Black youth who motivated the artists to search out the essences of our Black Experience and for all of those who applauded our first effort，” including her five children in the family band “Dont Fight the Feeling” （n.p.）. The dedications for Volumes 4， 5， and 6 are general， almost formulaic； Volume 7 honors Margaret Walker， John Killens， Sterling Brown， Arna Bontemps， and Langston Hughes as if the end of the rainbow should circle back to its beginnings.

In examining Fabios theory and practice， one must not overlook the importance of paratextual material in Volume 6， the aptly named Black Back： Back Black. It contains an introduction by Don L. Lee （Haki Madhubuti）， an introductory interview on “Black Poetry and the Black Experience， and the authors note which informs us that the volume” is about self-discovery and a races rediscovery of its meaning and beauty” （iv-x）. This note reminds us to return to the one “about the two versions of the poem ‘Of Puddles， Worms， Slimy Things （A Hoodoo Nature Poem）” in Volume 1： Juju/Alchemy of the Blues （vi）. Fabios idea that “how what is said connotes attitudinal characteristics that are almost as important as the simple denotative and/or connotative meaning of what is said”（vi）. Fabio was as serious then about poetry， orality， and African American language usage as would be Geneva Smitherman in Talkin and Testifyin： The Language of Black America （Boston： Houghton Mifflin， 1977） or Gayl Jones in Liberating Voices： Oral Tradition in African American Literature （Cambridge： Harvard University Press， 1991）. Her “Introductory Notes” for Volume 7： Jujus and Jubilees stress that vernacular classifications of poems—socio-anthropological mini lecture； biography； critique； Jazz Vocals； multi-media performance； Rap； Monologue—might be aids for reading， understanding， and appreciation （iv-ix）. These classifications can be aligned with those Carolyn Rodgers had specified in “Black Poetry—Where Its At” （Rodgers： 7-16）.

As we study the legacy of Sarah Webster Fabio from the vantage （or， perhaps we should say the advantage） of 2018， it becomes apparent many things it is crucial for us to know about poetic theory and poetic practice during the Black Arts Movement will come to us as the assertion and question in stanza one of the poem “Rainbow Signs” —

They will appear

in the moist air

after the earth

has been primed

with rain，

these gossamer

rainbow signs

water， water everywhere

but where is the cup to drink？

Water， water everywhere

sky turning from blue， mauve， to pink.

Notes

①I am indebted to Professor Michael New （Saint Anselm College） for sharing with me a draft of his forthcoming article “Panther Teacher： Sarah Webster Fabios Black Power，” which “recovers…Fabios life story and literary art in order to resituated women at the center of revolutionary black art and activism.” News effort to exercise due diligence about Fabios niche in American and African American literary histories， especially from the angles of poetry， music， and pedagogy， is a superb blueprint for pre-future work.

②Edwardss discussion of how Johnson argued about the “swing inherent in black musical forms as providing a model for black communal production that goes beyond call-and-response” （85） is germane for exploring Fabios intentions.

③The editors of The BreakBeat Poets note that contributors to their anthology “blow up bullshit distinctions between high and low， academic and popular， rap and poetry， page and stage. A break from the wack. A break from the hidden and precious， the elite and esteemed. A break from pejorative notions about what constitutes art， who it's for and by and why. A break from the past” （xvii）. Fabios work is permeated with just this kind of constructive destruction.

Works Cited

Baker， Houston A.， Jr. Workings of the Spirit： The Poetics of Afro-American Women's Writing. Chicago： U of Chicago P， 1991.

Coval， Kevin， Quraysh Ali Lansana， and Nate Marshall， eds. The BreakBeat Poets： New American Poetry in the Age of Hip Hop. Chicago： Haymarket Books， 2015.

Edwards， Brent Hayes. Epistrophies： Jazz and the Literary Imagination. Cambridge： Harvard UP， 2017.

Fabio， Sarah Webster. Volume 1： Jujus/Alchemy of the Blues. Oberlin， OH： Phase II Publications， 1973.

---. Volume 2： Together/ To The Tune of Coltranes Equinox. Oberlin， OH： Phase II Publications， 1973.

---. Volume 3： Boss Soul. Oberlin， OH： Phase II Publications， 1973.

---. Volume 4： Soul Aint： Soul Is. Oberlin， OH： Phase II Publications， 1973.

---. Volume 5： My Own Thing. Oberlin， OH： Phase II Publications， 1973.

---. Volume 6： Black Back： Back Black. Oberlin， OH： Phase II Publications， 1973.

---. Volume 7： Jujus and Jubilees. Oberlin， OH： Phase II Publications， 1973.

Redmond， Eugene B. Drumvoices： The Mission of Afro-American Poetry/A Critical History. Garden City， NY： Anchor Press/Doubleday， 1976.

Rodgers， Carolyn. “Black Poetry--Where Its At.” Negro Digest 18.11 （1969）： 7-16.

Turner， Darwin T. “Afro-American Literary Critics： An Introduction.” The Black Aesthetics. Ed. Addison Gayle. New York： Doubleday & Co.， Inc.， 1971， 57-77.

責任编辑：何卫华