经关节穿刺注射ADSCs修复兔激素性股骨头坏死的研究

2018-05-08 08:56谭伟源安荣泽齐新文谢嘉清
中国医药导报 2018年6期
关键词:修复

谭伟源 安荣泽 齐新文 谢嘉清

[摘要] 目的 探讨经关节穿刺注射脂肪源性干细胞(ADSCs)修复兔激素性股骨头缺血性坏死的疗效。 方法 取成年新西兰大白兔颈背部脂肪组织提取脂肪源性干细胞培养并传代,36只新西兰大白兔通过马血清联合激素法建立激素性股骨头缺血性坏死模型,随机分为对照组、髓芯减压组及ADSCs组,每组各12只,并作骨密度检测。对照组不作干预处理,髓芯减压组股骨头钻孔减压,ADSCs组经关节穿刺注射ADSCs。分别于干预后4、8周每组取6只兔行骨密度检测及X线检查,处死后收集股骨头样本作大体观察,采用HE染色及PCR检测BMP-2 mRNA的表达,通过各组比较探讨经关节穿刺注射ADSCs修复激素性股骨头缺血性坏死的效果。 结果 干预后4、8周,三组骨密度呈下降趋势,但对照组下降幅度更大,与髓芯减压组、ADSCs组比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),而髓芯减压组与ADSCs组相比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);大体观察、影像学及组织学表现,干预后4、8周与对照组比较,经关节穿刺注射ADSCs及髓芯减压均可延缓股骨头坏死的进展,对股骨头坏死起修复作用,ADSCs组优于髓芯减压组;干预后4、8周,ADSCs组及髓芯减压组BMP-2 mRNA的表达水平均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),而髓芯减压组与ADSCs比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。 结论 经关节穿刺注射ADSCs对兔激素性股骨头缺血性坏死有修復作用。

[关键词] 激素性股骨头缺血性坏死;脂肪源性干细胞;关节穿刺;修复

[中图分类号] R6874 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2018)03(a)-0175-06

Repair of rabbit steroid-induced avascular necrosis of femoral head by ADSCs injection through the joint puncture

TAN Weiyuan AN Rongze QI Xinwen XIE Jiaqing

Department of Orthopedics, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Guangdong Province, Zhuhai 519100, China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) injection through the joint puncture on the repair of steroid-induced avascular necrosis of femoral head in rabbits. Methods ADSCs were isolated and passaged from the neck adipose tissue of adult New Zealand white rabbits. Thirty-six New Zealand white rabbits were used to establish the model of steroid-induced avascular necrosis of femoral head by horse serum combined with hormone. These rabbits were randomly divided into control group, core decompression group and ADSCs group (12 rabbits in each group), and all for bone density detection. Control group:no intervention; core decompression group: femoral head drilling decompression; ADSCs group:by intra-articular injection of ADSCs. At 4 weeks and 8 weeks after intervention, 6 rabbits in each group were examined with bone mineral density (BMD) and X-ray examination. After the death, their femur samples were collected for gross observation, HE staining and PCR were used for the measurement of BMP-2 mRNA. Through the comparison of each group to explore the effect of ADSCs repairing steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head by joint puncture injection. Results 4 weeks and 8 weeks after intervention three groups of BMD, but the control group decreased, compared with core decompression group and ADSCs group were statistically significant (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the core decompression group and the ADSCs group (P > 0.05). General observation, imaging and histological findings at 4 weeks and 8 weeks after intervention, compared with the control group, ADSCs treatment by joint puncture injection and core decompression both can delay the progress of femoral head necrosis. There had a repair effect on femoral head necrosis, and the effects in ADSCs group were better than those in core decompression group; at 4 weeks and 8 weeks after intervention, the expression of BMP-2 mRNA in the ADSCs group and the core decompression group were both higher than those in the control group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference between the core decompression group and the ADSCs group (P > 0.05). Conclusion ADSCs injected through the joint puncture can repair the steroid induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head in rabbits.

[Key words] Avascular necrosis of the femoral head; Adipose-derived stem cells; Joint puncture; Repair

股骨头缺血性坏死(avascular necrosis of the femoral head,ANFH)是骨科全球性难治性疾病之一[1],目前随着激素类药物的广泛应用,激素性股骨头缺血性坏死(steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head,SAFNH)发病率逐年上升,在我国已成为最常见的非创伤性股骨头坏死[2-3]。SAFNH治疗困难且致残率高,其发病机制尚未完全明确[4]。有研究指出,干细胞在股骨近端的数量减少及活性减弱可能是导致SAFNH的根本原因[5-6]。因此干细胞的研究对进一步探讨SANFH的发病机制与治疗方法具有重要意义。本研究通过经关节穿刺注射脂肪源性干细胞(adipose derived stem cells,ADSCs)植入激素所致的坏死股骨头处,通过局部检测,探讨ADSCs在早期SAFNH治疗中的修复作用。

1 材料与方法

1.1 材料

实验动物:健康新西兰大白兔43只,雌雄不拘,成年,体重2.5~3.5 kg,合格证号:SCXK(粤)20140035。常规饮食水,分笼饲养,由广东省医学实验动物中心提供。

主要试剂及仪器设备:DMEM培养基、α-MEM培养基、Ⅰ型胶原酶、胰蛋白酶、胎牛血清、马血清(华联科生物技术有限公司);DR影像X射线机(德国西门子公司);3.0T核磁共振成像仪(德国西门子公司);PCR仪(珠海黑马公司);双能X线骨密度仪(法国OSTEOCORE2)。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 兔激素性股骨头缺血性坏死模型的建立

42只新西兰大白兔均应用马血清以10 mL/kg,经耳缘静脉注射,3周后,马血清减量至5 mL/kg,再次经耳缘静脉注射,再2周后,腹腔注射甲基强的松龙45 mg/kg,连续3 d,每天注射1次(每次注射均重新称重)。注射马血清及激素期间,每天每只动物肌肉注射青霉素10万U,连续7 d,预防感染。

1.2.2 兔ADSCs的分离传代和特性观察

取健康新西兰大白兔(非造模兔)1只麻醉后消毒铺无菌巾,切取颈背部脂肪组织约3 g,去除浅筋膜及血管组织,PBS液反复冲冼干净,用剪刀剪至糊状,用0.1%Ⅰ型胶原酶在37℃温箱中消化,离心后弃上清,重悬沉淀后过滤,接种于培养瓶中,置于37℃体积分数为5%CO2孵箱内培养。2 d后换液,见ADSCs贴壁生长,待细胞长满培养瓶面积的80%时,用0.25%的胰蛋白酶消化,进行原代传代,倒置显微镜下观察脂肪干细胞的形态,绘制ADSCs生长曲线。流式细胞术测定3代脂肪源性干细胞CD14、CD45抗原的表达进行鉴定。将细胞制成2×106个/mL的混合悬液备用。

1.2.3 动物分组及ADSCs移植

造模兔经最后一次注射甲基强的松龙后6周,行X线检查见股骨头局部密度增高,形態变扁,并见囊性变确立AFNH模型造模成功后,选36只模型兔分为三组:对照组、髓芯减压组及ADSCs组,每组各12只。每组兔均行骨密度检测。对照组:不作处理。髓芯减压组:10%水合氯醛按3 mL/kg经腹腔注射麻醉模型兔后,消毒、铺无菌巾,X线下定位用直径3.5 mm钻头从股骨颈的后内侧向股骨头钻孔,深度为钻头达关节软骨即可,术后连续5 d臀大肌注射青霉素8×104 U/d,预防手术后感染。ADSCs组:10%水合氯醛按3 mL/kg腹腔注射麻醉模型兔后,行髋关节穿刺,X线定位下见注射器尖端达股骨头后,注射5 mL ADSCs。

1.3 主要观察指标

1.3.1 影像学及大体观察

分别于干预后4、8周,各组分批选6只兔进行X线摄片检查及骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)测定(采用双能骨密度仪小动物模式测定兔股骨BMD),处死后取骨头标本作大体观察。

1.3.2 组织学检查

1.3.2.1 病理观察 于干预后4、8周各组股骨头样本用多聚甲醛固定,经脱钙3周后包埋、切片(5 μm厚度)进行HE染色,镜下观察类骨质、新生骨小梁与骨髓组织;

1.3.2.2 PCR检测各组股骨头中骨形态蛋白(bone morphogenetic protein,BMP)的表达 各时间段各组股骨头松质骨样本取100 mg磨至粉末,转移至含Trizol离心管中,反复振荡,离心后吹打裂解细胞。进行相分离、RNA沉淀、RNA洗涤及溶解提取RNA。在PCR管中加入RNA,引物混合物进行逆转录,PCR定量测定BMP-2 mRNA表达。PCR反应体系:cDNA 5 μL,上游引物(CGTGAGGATTAGCAGGTCTTT)0.5 μL,下游引物(GGCGTTTCCGCTGTTTG)0.5 μL,SYBR?誖 Premix Ex TaqTM(Tli RNaseH Plus)10 μL,ddH2O 4.0 μL,95℃ 30 s;95℃ 3 s,60℃ 34 s(收集荧光信号);40个循环;分析溶解曲线(温度60~95℃,每分钟读1次)。

1.4 统计学方法

采用SPSS 13.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,采用单因素方差分析比较各组间数据差异,组间两两比较采用SNK法,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 实验动物分析

经马血清联合大剂量激素造模,造模过程中实验兔死亡4只,剩余兔于最后一次注射甲基强的松龙后6周,行X线片检查均见兔股骨头密度降低并囊性变,股骨头形态欠规则(图1),造模成功。

2.2 ADSCs的特性观察

原代ADSCs接种于培养瓶后初为圆形、椭圆形,12 h后可见部分细胞贴膜生长,为长梭形,24 h观察见细胞已全部贴壁生长,于5 d后见细胞生长达培养瓶面积的80%,细胞呈长梭形。经消化、传代后细胞3 d可生长达培养瓶面积的80%,生殖速度较原代快,第2、3代细胞呈梭形,经3次传代,细胞形态稳定(图2)。取第三代ADSCs作流式细胞检测,测得低表达细胞相关标志物CD14为0.41%(<5%),CD45为3.26%(<5%),检测合格。

2.3 影像学表现

X线平片:干预后4周对照组及髓芯减压组、ADSCs组均见股骨头密度降低并囊性变,股骨头形态不规则,对照组出现“蘑菇头”样改变,而髓芯减压组、ADSCs组未见此改变(图3)。干预后8周对照组见囊性变加重,软骨下骨塌陷,出现硬化带,股骨头变扁。髓芯减压组见股骨头硬化带,股骨头不规则,见囊性变,但无明显塌陷。ADSCs组见股骨头低密度区,股骨头欠圆滑,囊性变,但无明显塌陷(图4)。

2.4 大体观察

干预后4周,对照组股骨头标本色泽苍白,形态不规则,股骨头变扁;髓芯减压组:股骨头标本色泽苍白,软骨见剥脱,股骨头形态欠规则,未见股骨头变扁。ADSCs组股骨头标本色泽苍白,软骨见剥脱,股骨头欠光滑,股骨头未见塌陷变扁。见图5。

干预后8周,对照组股骨头标本色泽苍白,股骨头变扁、塌陷;髓芯减压组:股骨头标本色泽苍白,软骨见剥脱加重,未见股骨头塌陷变扁。ADSCs组股骨头标本色泽苍白,软骨见剥脱,股骨头欠光滑,股骨头未见塌陷变扁。见图6。

2.5 骨密度检测

各组动物不同时间点BMD测定结果显示在干预后4、8周各组骨密度值都较前有所下降,但对照组下降明显,与髓芯减压组、ADSCs组比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),而干预后4、8周髓芯减压组、ADSCs组BMD下降幅度小,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表1。

2.6 各组股骨头中BMP-2 mRNA的表达

各组动物不同时间点BMP-2 mRNA测定结果显示,干预后4、8周对照组BMP-2 mRNA呈逐渐下降趋势,与髓芯减压组、ADSCs组比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。而髓芯减压组、ADSCs组干预后4周BMP-2 mRNA的表达量均比对照组高,并于干预后8周较前上升,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表2。

2.7 组织形态学改变

各组干预后4、8周组织形态学变化:干预后4周,对照组见空骨陷窝,骨小梁变细,结构紊乱髓内造血组织减少;髓芯减压组见空骨陷窝少量,毛细血管减少,较多骨小梁出现,但多为幼稚骨小梁;ADSCs组见较少空骨陷窝,有新生骨小梁形成,骨小梁修复及形成未成熟。干预后8周,对照组:骨陷窝增多,骨小梁变细,结构紊乱,部分骨小梁断裂;髓芯减压组:见新生骨小梁较前增多,排齐较前明显整齐,骨髓组织成熟;ADSCs组的骨小梁相对较粗,增生活跃且成熟,排列整齐且饱满致密。见图7。

3 讨论

激素性股骨头缺血性坏死为临床最常见的非创伤性股骨头坏死[7] ,指大剂量长时间应用糖皮质激素后引致的股骨头血供障碍,出现软骨细胞及骨细胞坏死,并伴有局部骨质疏松,最終导致股骨头塌陷的一种疾病[8]。目前激素性ANFH的确切发病机制仍未明,国内外学者提出如脂肪栓塞、高凝状态等多种假说[9],但都未能完全阐述SAFNH的发病本质。目前针对早期SANFH的治疗手段有髋关节牵引制动、髓芯减压、钽棒植入等,而髓芯减压为治疗早期SANFH的常用方法[10]。髓芯减压通过降低髓内压、刺激细胞再生对延缓股骨头坏死有一定作用,但创伤较大,并且远期疗效欠满意[11]。寻找成本相对低、创伤小且更为有效的新疗法是目前股骨头坏死治疗研究的重点,干细胞疗法的出现带来了新的曙光[12]。

早已有研究发现股骨头缺血性坏死的发病与干细胞的成骨能力有关[13],并且有报道指出经局部移植骨髓间充质干细胞可对ANFH起修复作用[14]。说明干细胞在股骨头坏死的发病及其修复中具有重要作用。ADSCs为取材容易、分向能力强,性质稳定的一类ADSCs[15]。目前已有研究报道通过股骨头钻孔植入ADSCs可成功减缓股骨头缺血坏死的发展进程[16-17],但均采用股骨头切开钻孔植入含ADSCs明胶海绵,此治疗方法创伤较大。本次实验尝试采用简单的经关节穿刺注射方法移植ADSCs,并与对照组、髓芯减压组作比较,观察其对激素性股骨头缺血性坏死是否有修复作用。结果显示造模后各组骨密度检测结果大致相同,干预后4、8周三组骨密度呈下降趋势,但对照组下降幅度大,与髓芯减压组、ADSCs组比较差异明显(P < 0.05),而髓芯减压组与ADSCs组相比较差异不明显(P > 0.05)。在大体及X线表现方面,对照组股骨头密度降低、囊性变,4、8周后逐渐变扁塌陷,而髓芯减压组及ADSCs组从干预后4、8周见股骨头密度降低、囊性变,股骨头欠光滑,但未见塌陷变扁,较髓芯减压组,ADSCs组股骨头软骨剥离程度较小。HE染色可见对照组随病程进展,骨陷窝逐渐增多,骨小梁稀疏进而断裂,而髓芯减压组及ADSCs组从干预后4、8周骨陷窝少并且见新生骨细胞,骨小梁逐渐增多变粗并趋向成熟,并且较髓芯减压组,ADSCs组骨小梁排列更整齐饱满。ADSCs来源于中胚层,与骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨分化潜能无明显区别[18],并且ADSCs具有取材简单,来源丰富,并具有较强的体外扩增、低衰减特性等优点,不存在伦理争议等[19],ADSCs更适合作为细胞疗法的种子细胞。关节穿刺腔内局部用药是临床上常用的治疗骨关节疾病的方法,其具有操作简单、迅速起效、高药物利用度及全身不良反应发生率低等特点[20]。通过简单的关节穿刺注射方法移植ADSCs,经关节腔局部吸收,ADSCs在坏死股骨头区通过成骨分化、分泌相关细胞因子达到促进血管生成,改善局部血运,修复骨坏死的效果[21]。BMP为骨的发生与修复重要的成骨诱导因子,在骨的形成中发挥着重要作用,而BMP-2为其重要的一员[22]。从实验结果可以得出,经关节穿刺注射ADSCs可通过上调BMP促进坏死骨组织的修复,但其机制需进一步探讨。

综上所述,经关节穿刺注射移植ADSCs对激素性股骨头缺血性坏死有修复作用,可达到髓芯减压的修复效果,但其远期疗效未知。经关节穿刺注射经转染或复合的ADSCs能否对SAFNH达到更好的修复效果,值得进一步研究。

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(收稿日期:2017-11-08 本文编辑:任 念)

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