庞宝莹 匡洪宇
[摘要] 非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)是世界范围内最普遍的慢性肝病,2型糖尿病与之密切相关。目前,生活方式干预是治疗NAFLD的主要方法。肠促胰素类药物包括胰高血糖素样多肽-1受体激动剂和二肽基肽酶-4抑制剂,这是两种使用最广泛的新型降糖药物。大量的临床试验研究评估了肠促胰素类药物对肝脏脂肪含量的影响,肠促胰素类药物可能是NAFLD治疗的新选择。本文对近年肠促胰素类药物治疗NAFLD的相关临床试验研究作一综述。
[关键词] 非酒精性脂肪性肝病;肠促胰素;胰高血糖素样多肽-1;二肽基肽酶-4;肝脏脂肪含量
[中图分类号] R575 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2018)02(c)-0028-04
[Abstract] Type 2 diabetes mellitus is closely associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide. Currently, the only validated treatment for NAFLD is lifestyle intervention. Glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, collectively termed incretin-based therapies, represent two of the most widely used classes of novel antidiabetic drugs. A number of studies of human trials have evaluated the effects of incretins on liver fat content and suggest that the treatment could represent a new alternative for NAFLD management. In this paper, the main clinical studies regarding the effects of incretins on NAFLD are reviewed.
[Key words] Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; Incretins; Glucagon-like peptide-1; Dipeptidy peptidase-4; Liver fat content
非酒精性脂肪性肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是指除過量饮酒及其他明确的肝损害因素外,所导致的肝脏细胞内脂肪沉积。其疾病谱包括非酒精性单纯脂肪肝(nonalcoholic fatty liver,NAFL)、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(nonalcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH)及其相关肝硬化和肝细胞癌。世界范围内NAFLD发病率约25%,在我国约为15%[1]。部分严重的NAFLD可发展为肝硬化或者肝癌[2]。在2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者中,约2/3患有NAFLD[3]。T2DM和NAFLD二者互为加重因素,恶性循环,对人体健康产生重大威胁。因此,NAFLD也成为T2DM防治的新靶点。然而,目前尚无能够治疗NAFLD的特效药物,所以,针对NAFLD的特效药物成为人类的迫切需求。肠促胰素类药物是近些年治疗T2DM的新药,包括胰高血糖素样多肽-1受体激动剂(glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist,GLP-1RA)和二肽基肽酶-4(dipeptidy peptidase-4,DPP-4)抑制剂,最近诸多临床实验均证实此类药物对于NAFLD具有良好的疗效,是一类最有希望治疗NAFLD的新药物。因此,本文将结合近年相关临床试验研究进行综述。
1 肠促胰素类药物简介
GLP-1是肠道L细胞在进食后反射性分泌的一种肠促胰素,GLP-1不仅能够增强葡萄糖浓度依赖的胰腺β-细胞释放胰岛素,同时也能够抑制胰高血糖素分泌和减慢胃排空。DPP-4是一种高特异性丝氨酸蛋白酶,它能够迅速灭活GLP-1和糖依赖性胰岛素释放肽(GIP)等多种激素。DPP-4抑制剂能够延长内源性GLP-1和GIP的作用时间,提高其活性,从而促进胰岛素分泌,降低血糖[4]。
2 GLP-1RA对NAFLD的影响
GLP-1RA种类包括利拉鲁肽、艾塞那肽、艾塞那肽缓释剂、利西拉来、阿必鲁肽和度拉鲁肽等。利拉鲁肽是一种人GLP-1长效类似物,与天然GLP-1相比有97%同源性。生活方式干预作为目前唯一被多部指南认可的NAFLD治疗方法,有研究证实利拉鲁肽与结构化生活对于改善NAFLD一样有效[5],该试验将24例超重并经核磁(MRI)诊断的NAFLD患者随机分为两组,分别接受利拉鲁肽3.0 mg/d(n=12)或严格的运动饮食(n=12)治疗26周;治疗终点和基线相比,两组患者体重及肝脏脂肪含量(liver fat content,LFC)均显著减低。一项多中心、双盲、随机、安慰剂对照的Ⅱ期临床试验(LEAN研究)[6]发现,利拉鲁肽可用于治疗NASH并可延缓肝纤维化恶化。研究人员将55例超重并活检证实的NASH患者随机分为两组,分别接受利拉鲁肽1.8 mg/d(n=23)或安慰剂(n=22)治疗,48周治疗结束后再次活检;和基线相比,利拉鲁肽组NASH改善明显高于安慰剂组(39% vs. 9%),且接受利拉鲁肽治疗的患者伴随着空腹血糖水平降低和显著肝纤维化恶化的减少;分析试验结果,利拉鲁肽组中NASH改善和未改善的患者间体重和血糖的控制没有差别,所以,利拉鲁肽可能对NASH具有直接治疗作用。在一项法国关于NAFLD的研究中(Lira-NAFLD研究)[7],68例血糖控制不佳的T2DM患者,利拉鲁肽1.2 mg/d治疗6个月,终点和基线相比,体重(95.9 kg vs. 99.5 kg)、HbA1c(7.3% vs. 9.8%)及使用质子磁共振波谱定量(1H MRS)测得的LFC值(11.9% vs. 17.3%)均明显改善;研究者认为,LFC的减少主要是由体重下降所介导的。日本的LEAN-J研究[8]及另一项日本回顾性分析[9]均证实,利拉鲁肽治疗能够改善NAFLD患者肝酶、血糖、体重指数等指标。但并不是所有利拉鲁肽治疗NAFLD的实验结果均为阳性,Tang等[10]和Smits等[11]均观察到,T2DM患者在为期12周利拉鲁肽1.8 mg/d的治疗后,经1H MRS分析评估,受试者LFC并没有明显减少,不论体重有无改善。这可能与研究时间过短有关。
艾塞那肽是从蜥蜴唾液中分离出的GLP-1类似物,包含39个氨基酸,约53%的同源于GLP-1[12]。Kenny等[13]观察8例经活检证实的伴有NAFLD的T2DM患者,经艾塞那肽治疗28周后再次肝活检发现,3例肝脏组织学改善,2例肝脏炎症减轻,4例肝脏纤维化改善。多个实验经1H MRS测量证实,艾塞那肽能够改善肥胖的T2DM患者肝脏脂肪含量。Dutour等[14]将44例口服降糖药物血糖控制欠佳、体重指数≥30 kg/m2的T2DM患者随机分为两组,一组接受艾塞那肽10 μg一日两次治疗;另一组为对照组。26周后艾塞那肽治疗组LCF显著降低(1H MRS评估),他们认为这可能与艾塞那肽组受试者体重平行下降5.1 kg有关。Cuthbertson等[15]有同样的发现,他们观察19例使用艾塞那肽治疗患者和6例使用利拉鲁肽治疗患者6个月,治疗后患者LCF较基线显著减少45%(1H MRS评估),体重平均减轻5 kg。Sathyanarayana等[16]对肥胖的T2DM患者观察发现,为期12个月的治疗后,艾塞那肽联合吡格列酮治疗组(n=11)较吡格列酮单药治疗组(n=10)LFC相对减少了20%(1H MRS评估)。
度拉鲁肽作为GLP-1RA周制剂,研究发现[17],对经活检证实的NAFLD患者,度拉鲁肽治疗12周治疗后观察到ALT、体脂和糖化血红蛋白显著减少;经FibroScan测量,肝硬度也减轻。一项系统回顾发现,利西拉来可对肥胖或超重的T2DM患者血清ALT水平升高产生有利影响[18]。
3 DPP-4抑制剂对NAFLD的影响
DPP-4抑制剂包括:西格列汀、维格列汀、沙格列汀、阿格列汀、利格列汀、吉格列汀、替格列汀、阿拉格列汀和琥珀酸曲格列汀等。有关DPP-4抑制剂治疗NAFLD的诸多临床试验结果并不一致。Iwasaki等[19]发现,对30例伴有NAFLD的T2DM患者行西格列汀(50 mg/d)治疗4个月后,可降低患者血清转氨酶水平。然而两项日本研究[20-21]与其结果相反,他们的实验结果均观察到对伴有NAFLD的T2DM患者行西格列汀(50 mg/d)治疗1年后,血清转氨酶水平无显著变化。最近一项关于阿格列汀的研究发现[22],经超声诊断患有NAFLD的T2DM患者,阿格列汀25 mg/d治疗12个月后,NAFIC评分降低,脂肪肝缓解。另一项对于伴有NAFLD的T2DM患者研究[23],同安慰剂组相比,6个月维格列汀100 mg/d的治疗后与基线比较,维格列汀可降低血清ALT水平及肝脏三酰甘油含量,并独立于体重减轻。但Cui等[24]研究结果与之相反,西格列汀100 mg/d治疗6个月后,与安慰剂相比,虽然西格列汀被证明是安全的,但经过非侵入性磁共振成像技术(MRI、MRS)及FibroScan等评估,未能显示出在肝功能或肝脏脂肪变性等方面具有利影响。活检作为检测NAFLD的金标准,Yilmaz等[25]对比15例患者基线及西格列汀100 mg/d治疗1年后的肝活检结果显示,治疗后肝细胞气球变显著改善,但肝脏炎症和纤维化无明显改善。以上这些研究由于患者数量少具有局限性,所以对于伴有NAFLD/NASH的T2DM患者,DPP-4抑制剂的疗效,尚待前瞻性、多中心、与安慰剂或吡格列酮比较的随机对照试验研究来证实。
4 小结
大量的临床试验证据表明,肠促胰素类药物很有可能成为一种NAFLD新的治疗方法,其中GLP-1RA更有潜力。GLP-1RA的多效性取决于GLP-1R的广泛表达,人体内GLP-1R广泛分布,肝脏亦有,且NAFLD患者与健康人群相比肝脏DPP-4水平明显增高[26]。GLP-1RA及DPP-4抑制剂对控制血糖、体重、胰岛素抵抗、血脂代謝和炎症均有着积极的作用,对减肥和脂质代谢的影响可能是GLP-1RA治疗后减少LFC的两个主要机理。有理由相信这类药物对于治疗NAFLD会有良好疗效。未来,仍需大量的基础及临床实验对其进行证实,而且也需要新的研究来确定是否肠促胰素类药物对伴或不伴有糖尿病的NAFLD同样有效。
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(收稿日期:2017-11-15 本文編辑:李岳泽)