吴宛玲 李爽
环状RNA是一种内源性的RNA分子,通过反式剪接的形式由其3'端和5'端以共价键形成闭合环状结构,不具有“PolyA尾”。环状RNA序列高度保守,在生物体内稳定表达,含量丰富,其表达具有组织特异性和发育阶段特异性。有研究证明,环状RNA有microRNA“海绵”、RNA结合蛋白及核转录调节等功能,对生命活动起到重要的调控作用[1]。在目前的研究中,环状RNA主要以miRNA“海绵”的形式调控肿瘤的发生和发展。随着研究的不断深入,还发现环状RNA可能在肿瘤的诊断、预后和靶向治疗中同样发挥一定的作用。现已报道的环状RNA在肿瘤中的功能及临床应用见表1。本文就环状RNA在肿瘤中的作用机制及对肿瘤诊断、预后和治疗的应用进行综述。
大部分的环状RNA都具有miRNA结合位点,可以作为miRNA“海绵”分子,通过大量结合miRNA来抑制miRNA对下游靶基因的调控作用。在肿瘤疾病中,环状RNA主要通过作为miRNA“海绵”发挥其间接调控作用。CDR1as/miR-7是较为经典的肿瘤相关的环状RNA-miRNA体系。CDR1as含有70余个miR-7的结合位点,可发挥其“海绵”作用与miR-7大量地结合抑制miR-7的基因调控作用而间接达到抑瘤作用,既往已有多项研究表明,过表达miR-7可以显著抑制胶质瘤、乳腺癌、胃癌、结直肠癌等多种肿瘤细胞的增殖活性和侵袭性[1-3]。
具有促瘤作用的环状RNA还有多种,这些环状RNA在肿瘤中的表达是上调的。circHIPK3是Zheng等[4]发现的一个新的肿瘤相关的环状RNA,circHIPK3主要存在于细胞质中。circHIPK3通过与miR-124结合发挥促细胞增殖的功能。Xie等[5]研究发现,hsa_circ_001569通过与miR-145结合上调受miR-145负向调控的E2F5、BAG4和FMNL2的表达来促进结直肠癌细胞的增殖和侵袭。Zhong等[6]也在膀胱癌组织中发现了一个明显上调的环状RNA:circTCF25,并证实了circTCF25-miR-103a-3p/miR-107-CDK6通路在膀胱癌中发挥重要的调控作用,过表达circTCF25能增加癌细胞增殖迁移能力。
表1 肿瘤相关的环状RNA功能及临床应用
表1 肿瘤相关的环状RNA功能及临床应用(续表1)
也有部分环状RNA发挥着完全相反的作用,这一部分环状RNA在肿瘤中的表达下调。cir-ITCH也是一个具有miRNA“海绵”功能的环状RNA。在食管癌的研究中显示,circ-ITCH包含了miR-214、miR-7和miR-17的结合位点,过表达circ-ITCH可以使miRNA的靶基因ITCH表达上调,ITCH使得磷酸化的Dlv2发生泛素化而降解,从而抑制Wnt/β-catenin信号通路,癌细胞活性降低,增殖受抑[7]。而在结直肠癌中,cir-ITCH不再作为miR-214“海绵”,而是与miR-7和miR-20a结合来抑制Wnt/β-catenin通路来发挥其肿瘤抑制效应[8]。
尽管大部分的报道均证实了环状RNA作为miR⁃NA“海绵”的作用,但仍有部分研究表明,环状RNAs不能起到miRNA“海绵”的作用。如目前研究较多的circ-Foxo3,一方面主要通过与蛋白CDK2和P21结合调控细胞周期进程[9];另一方面则与MDM2结合,促进其介导的p53的泛素化和降解,抑制FOXO3的泛素化和降解,从而抑制细胞增殖,诱导细胞凋亡[10]。但环状RNA这种非miRNA“海绵”的作用机制在具体的肿瘤疾病中少有报道,这还有待于进一步的研究。
环状RNA近几年来已被证实可在外周血中检测到[11],尤其是在血清外泌体中,环状RNA大量且稳定地存在,且这个过程是受调控的,肿瘤外泌体中特定环状RNA的表达明显高于正常组织的外泌体[12],其富集程度与肿瘤的大小呈正相关。值得注意的是,环状RNA 在肿瘤中也存在差异表达[1,8,13],但相反的是,环状RNA在癌组织中的表达水平明显低于正常组织,原因可能与癌细胞具有更强的增殖能力有关。Bachmayrheyda等[13]研究发现,环状RNA在脑和心脏等细胞增殖弱的组织细胞中表达水平高,而在乳腺、结肠和卵巢细胞增殖强的组织细胞中表达偏低。
环状RNA的差异性表达是其能够用于生物标记物的基础,尤其是在血清中的高表达和较为明显的表达差异,更是让环状RNA的检测变得更为简便。近些年有多项环状RNA拟作肿瘤早期诊断生物标记物可能性的研究迅速开展,均得到了肯定的答案。有研究发现,胃癌组织中的hsa-circ-0000190与原有的两种经典的胃癌生物标记物CEA和CA-199相比,具有更好地灵敏度和特异度[14];肝癌组织中发现的hsa_circ_005075[15],结 直 肠 癌 组 织 中 的 hsa_circ_001988[16],作为肿瘤诊断的生物标记物均具有较高的诊断真实度。
近年来,关于环状RNA用于肿瘤预后评估的研究也逐渐增加。大多数在肿瘤疾病中呈现表达差异的环状RNA均不同程度的与部分预后相关指标,如肿瘤大小、分期、远处及淋巴结转移等具有相关性,提示其预后意义。如在喉鳞状上皮癌中,hsa_cir⁃cRNA_100855在喉癌组织中较正常组织高表达,尤其是在T3~T4期肿瘤、淋巴结转移的肿瘤、声门上型肿瘤和临床晚期肿瘤中表达水平更高,而hsa_cir⁃cRNA_104912在喉癌组织中低表达,在T3~T4期肿瘤、淋巴结转移的肿瘤、低分化肿瘤及临床晚期的肿瘤中表达水平更低[17]。
部分研究为了明确环状RNA的预后意义开展了进一步的生存分析,结果同样肯定了环状RNA的预后价值。如在一项关于非小细胞肺癌的研究中,首先发现了circRNA_100876和肿瘤分期及淋巴转移相关,进一步的生存分析显示,circRNA_100876高表达的患者的总生存时间明显低于circRNA_100876低表达的患者[18];在肝细胞癌的研究中也发现了同样的结果,hsa_circRNA_100338能提高肿瘤的侵袭和转移能力,hsa_circRNA_100338高表达的肝癌患者累积生存率明显降低[19];在胃癌的研究中也肯定了环状RNA的预后价值,circPVT1高表达的胃癌患者生存率较高,并且circPVT1结合其末基因PVT1的表达量是更好的胃癌预后指标,circPVT1高表达而PVT1低表达的患者生存期明显延长[20]。
综上所述,多项证据均提示环状RNA的表达水平可用来鉴定肿瘤分期和评估预后。
miRNA的“海绵”技术是一种新型的RNA治疗方法,能实现对miRNA的长效抑制[21]。已有多项针对癌基因的线性“海绵”被发现,当将其转入人肿瘤细胞时能够有效地逆转癌细胞表型[12]。近些年来,环状RNA的miRNA“海绵”功能使得其在这一技术上的应用备受期待。
Ivanov等[22]研究发现,除了内含子上ALU重复序列介导外显子环化外,人环状RNA的侧翼内含子区富集着反向互补配对序列(reverse complementary matches,RCMs)。进一步研究发现上述内含子RCMs对环状RNA生成非常关键,双链RNA编辑酶ADAR1参与该过程,敲低ADAR1后可显著特异性地上调环状RNAs的表达,并认为内含子间的RCMs通过竞争性结合方式介导外显子环化。如果通过某种方式使得ADAR在生理状态下瞬时降低后,则可能明显上调环状RNAs的功能。既往有研究显示,如果胚胎干细胞中ADAR基因表达降低,干细胞可以分化成神经元细胞[23]。环状RNA是否参与干细胞分化过程值得进一步深入研究。
随着RNA测序、芯片等技术的发展,越来越多的研究表明环状RNA和许多疾病,尤其是肿瘤,存在着较为重要的联系。环状RNA被发现具有miRNA“海绵”、蛋白调控、剪切及转录功能,以及近期越来越多的研究发现蛋白翻译功能,环状RNA的功能研究不断出现新的突破,在肿瘤疾病的发生发展中发挥着较为重要的调控作用。对肿瘤中环状RNA功能的研究,不仅可以促进对疾病进展的理解还帮助临床对疾病更为掌握,是将其应用于临床的前提。就临床应用而言,环状RNA已经体现出了其研究价值。环状RNA可以作为肿瘤早期诊断的生物标记物,也可作为评估疗效和预后的敏感指标。目前,临床应用的部分生物标记物,如CEA,在多种消化道肿瘤,如胰腺癌、结肠癌中均有升高,因此在应用于诊断时难免缺乏特异性。而环状RNA具有组织特异性,能够更好地协助诊断。通过对环状RNA调控机制的研究,明确环状RNA在肿瘤疾病中具体的调控网络,则能以环状RNA为抗癌靶点作为肿瘤治疗的新方向,肿瘤化疗药物耐药相关的环状RNA也将成为新的研究热点。
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