科恩“褐雨燕”观景台，弗利姆斯，瑞士

建筑设计：科琳娜·梅恩

Architect: Corinna Menn

科恩观景台是科琳娜·梅恩早期负责实施的项目之一。该项目体现了她在静力学问题方面的兴趣，以及利用静力学的空间潜力形成建筑物并赋予其形态的可能性。方案是科琳娜·梅恩和叔叔克里斯蒂安·梅恩——一位优秀的结构工程师、桥梁建造者共同设计完成的。她对施工及其潜力很有兴趣。“Il Spir”在雷托罗曼语意为褐雨燕，形态来源于飞鸟站立时极具表现力的姿态。

1.3万年前，上一个冰河时代的结束造成了弗利姆斯山的大崩塌。莱茵河的力量开始侵蚀岩体，并形成了莱茵河谷的天然奇观。这座峡谷是一处国家自然保护区，游客从这个观景台的位置就可以领略到它的风光，而无需走下山去。在森林的外缘，这座观景台屹立于群松之间，并伸入山谷之中，而不破坏数千年演化而成的石灰岩构造。从步道上看，深色的钢结构在挺拔的树干之间仿佛与森林浑然一体。游客登上螺旋楼梯，就能走上展开的扇形木平台。从远处看，浅色的落叶松木梁、展开的双层椽和锥形的楼板段面有如一艘启航的帆船。这座与主梁分离的平台是用钢索从端部悬挂起来的。这些基本要素及其线性的连接形成了一种圆形的内在空间造型。除必要的静力学和构造要求外，其结构材料极其精简，令人印象深刻。

该构筑物几乎没有触及地面，且无需对地形做任何处理。假如未来不再使用观景台或需要移除，岩石将好似未曾被碰触过一样。（黄华青 译）

1 外景/Exterior view

2 总平面/Site plan

The viewing platform at Conn was one of the first projects Corinna Menn was able to execute. It already shows her essential interest in questions of statics and the possibility to use this as a spatial potential to form the building and its shape. The design was developed together with her uncle a leading structural engineer and bridge builder Christian Menn. Her interest in construction in its potential. The name "Il Spir" comes from the bird swift and stands in relation to the expressive gesture of the upper platform.

3 与地面相连接的细部/A detail of connection to the ground

4 结构特点/Structural features

13,000 years ago, the retreat of the last ice age resulted in the massive collapse of the Flims mountain. The power of the Rhein began to erode the masses of stone and created the natural spectacle of the Ruin Aulta. The gorge is a region of national preservation that can be experienced by visitors from this precisely positioned outlook, without themselves stepping onto the location. Anchored to the outer edge of the forest, a viewing platform rises between the pines and extends towards the gorge without touching the lime formations that have evolved of thousands of years. Viewing from the footpath, the dark steel construction initially appears to be part of the forest among the tall tree trunks. Visitors climb the spiral staircase and walk out on the unfolded fan of the wooden platform. From a distance, the light larch wood of the beams, the unfolded double rafters and the conical floor segments appear like a floating sail. Detached from the main girder, the platform is suspended at its ends using steel cables. The basic elements and their linear connections create an inherent spatial figure describing a circular form. The structure is impressive through the reduction of the material to the static and constructive necessity.

5 观景平台/Viewing platform

The building almost does not touch the ground and does not need any manipulation of the terrain.If in the future the viewpoint will not be any more in use and needs to be removed, the rocks will remain almost untouched.

项目信息/Credits and Data

业主/Client: Municipality of Flims

结构工程/Structural Engineer: Christian Menn (concept)/Claudio Tschuor Bänziger Partner AG (execution)

建设周期/Building Year: 2005-2006

摄影/Photos: Franz Rindlisbacher

评论

郭廖辉：这个森林尽端的平台给人们提供了一个景观中特殊的位置，使人彻底脱离地面。两根主钢柱的倾斜引导着人顺着楼梯，到达了水平展开、飘在自然废墟上空的三角形平台。受拉构件的大量使用，使结构构件的尺寸不大，笨重的混凝土只出现在基础的部分，观景木平台减轻了结构重量也提示了轻盈，同时能给被置于险境中的人一丝稳定感。如何和森林产生关系是除了结构之外的另一个考虑，清晰的结构逻辑呈现出三角形的构成，如建筑师想象中的“帆”，摆脱了一个亭子的外观。主要构件的尺寸和树干产生了关系，向上和伸展也同时是树木生长的方式。

胡恒：这类技术至上的作品其实不需要文字点评。那些原本干巴巴的平立剖图每一张都是诗意盎然。让人想起达·芬奇画的飞行器设计图。技术与诗意确实只有一线之隔。不过，这个设计的诗意之处不在观景——站在平台栏杆边的感觉太可怕了——而是在飞翔。平台的外伸显然并非为了多看一点风景，它传达的是工程师与设计者涌身一跃，飞进天空的冲动。这是一个极其少见的立足于“自由渴望”的设计。它的概念原点与设计边界是平台外伸角度的极限值。所以，这个观景台并不需要游客来观景，它在完工之时，就结束了。

6 观景平台/Viewing platform

7.8 结构示意图/Structural schematic diagram

Comments

GUO Liaohui: This platform at the end of the forest provides a special location in the landscape, getting people completely away from the ground. The slanting of the two main steel columns guides people to follow the stairs and reach the triangular platform that spreads horizontally and floats over the natural ruins. The massive use of tensile components makes the size of the structural components small. The bulky concrete only appears in the foundation part. The wooden viewing platform both reduces the weight of the structures and indicates lightness, and in the mean time,brings a sense of stability to the people in the dangerous situation. How to relate to forests is another consideration besides structure. The clear structural logic presents the form of triangle, like a "sail" in the imagination of the architect, getting rid of the appearance of a pavilion. The size of the main components has a relationship with the tree trunk. Upwards and stretching are also the ways trees grow. (Translated by CHEN Yuxiao)

HU Heng: Technology-based projects, in essence, do not need written comments.However, here the dry-as-dust plan, elevation and sections have become poetic. This brings to mind Da Vinci's Flying Machine sketches. Indeed, there is only a fine line between technology and poetry. However, the poetry of this design is not formed by the scenery – it is quite horrific to stand beside the handrail of the platform – but, the feeling of flying. Clearly, the purpose of overhang of the platform is not simply to obtain a better view; more importantly, it demonstrates the impulsion of the engineer and the designer to jump and fly into the sky. This is an uncommon design that is based on the concept of the pursuit of freedom. The limit of the angle of the overhang is the origin of the project's concept and the boundary of its design. Therefore, this viewing platform does not rely on tourists to function, it functions well enough at the moment of its completion. (Translated by Dandan Wang)