李思源,周杰,张鸥,耿雨,薛亚军,刘芳,缪国斌*
(1清华大学临床医学院,北京 100084;2清华大学附属北京清华长庚医院心脏内科,北京 102200)
心脏损伤标志物检测已经广泛应用于心肌损伤的诊断和评估,具有心脏特异性和敏感性的心肌肌钙蛋白(cardiac troponin, cTn)是急性心肌梗死诊断的全球推荐指标[1]。而高敏心肌肌钙蛋白(high-sensitivity cardiac troponin, hs-cTn)能更早期更准确发现心肌损伤,对评估心脏疾病预后有着重要意义[2]。心力衰竭(heart failure,HF)是各种心血管疾病发展的终末阶段,在发达国家中,成年人群HF发病率约1%~2%,70岁以上人群中高达10%以上,住院HF患者的12个月全因死亡率为17%,12个月再住院率为44%[3],5年心因性死亡率高达50%[4]。因此,早期诊断HF、评估HF预后是临床医学工作的一项重要内容。
cTn是心肌肌肉收缩的调节蛋白,有3种类型,
即cTnT、cTnI和cTnC。cTnT和cTnI与骨骼肌中对应的蛋白来自不同的基因编码,具有不同的氨基酸顺序,有独特的抗原表位,心肌特异度较高。cTnT和cTnI由于分子量较小,心肌损伤后游离状态的cTnT和cTnI从心肌细胞内迅速释放入血,血中浓度迅速升高。hs-cTn是指用高敏方法测定的cTn,即变异系数(coefficient of variation, CV)≤10%的最小检测值接近99位百分值的cTn[1]。
并非所有cTn升高均代表心肌梗死,而且并非所有心肌损伤均起源于急性冠脉综合征[5]。cTn升高的原因大致可分为两类,缺血性和非缺血性。(1)缺血性原因,即心肌梗死,可分为急性冠脉综合征和非急性冠脉综合征。急性冠脉综合征即急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死和非ST段抬高型心肌梗死;非急性冠脉综合征又可分为冠脉性病因和非冠脉性病因。冠脉性病因常见有冠脉痉挛、经皮冠状动脉介入(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)治疗和心肺相关手术;非冠脉性原因常见有组织缺氧及低灌注等。(2)非缺血性原因包括心源性因素和全身性因素。心源性因素包括HF、心肌炎、心包炎、心肌病、心脏消融、心脏恶性肿瘤等;全身性因素包括慢性HF、肺栓塞、肾衰竭、卒中、蛛网膜下腔出血、败血症、蒽环类抗生素等毒性物质作用等[5]。
在心肌细胞膜完整的情况下,cTn不能穿透细胞膜进入血液循环,当心肌细胞发生可逆和不可逆的损伤时[6],心肌细胞膜通透性增加,心肌细胞结构损害,cTn可释放入血,成为一种可检测的特异性高和敏感性好的心肌细胞损伤标志物[1]。
cTn升高的本质是心肌细胞损伤[1],其发生过程有以下机制:(1)原发性心肌缺血,如冠状动脉内斑块破裂或血栓腐蚀引起冠状动脉阻塞,继而造成心肌缺血、损伤;(2)血液供需失衡,心肌供血减少或者心肌血液需求增加,都会导致心肌相对性供血不足,引起心肌细胞凋亡或坏死;(3)与心肌缺血无关的心肌损伤,如病毒、可卡因等心脏毒性物质直接损伤心肌细胞,引起细胞结构和功能改变;(4)多因素心肌损伤,由神经内分泌调节系统、应激系统、免疫调节系统、物质代谢系统等多系统因素相互作用,造成绝对或相对的cTn分泌增加或排泄减少,最终引起cTn水平升高。
3.1cTn与HF预后
3.1.1 传统cTn与HF 1997年La Vecchia等[7]首次报道,在急性HF患者血液中可检测到cTnI水平升高(cTnI检测下限值为0.3 ng/ml);多项研究[7-17]也发现在慢性HF或急性HF中cTnI或cTnT水平升高,可评估HF患者的严重程度,与疾病预后密切相关。
cTn升高可见于慢性HF患者,无论是缺血性病因(如冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病、冠脉痉挛等)或非缺血性病因(如高血压、肥厚型心肌病[18]、扩张型心肌病[15]等)均可导致。慢性HF患者cTn升高尤以老年、男性、合并糖尿病和肾功能不全等疾病患者居多[19],缺血性心脏病所致HF比例高于非缺血性心脏病所致HF的比例。同时,急性失代偿性HF患者cTn检测阳性率高于慢性稳定性HF患者,男性、缺血性心脏病、肾功能不全、低血压、低钠血症等危险因素与cTn升高独立相关[2,20],无论何种cTn升高,患者的1年死亡率明显增加。
3.1.2 hs-cTn与HF hs-cTn能早期发现超过20%的非ST段抬高型心肌梗死,敏感度高、特异性好,对于更早期发现心肌梗死具有重大意义[21]。随着hs-cTn的临床应用,发现hs-cTn升高并非仅见于急性心肌梗死,无论何种病因,只要存在心肌损伤,即便是微小心肌损伤,均可发现其水平升高。
在慢性HF患者中,hs-cTnT升高的检出率远高于cTnT[19],具有超越传统cTnT检测心肌损伤的高敏感性。hs-cTnT升高水平能提示HF时心肌损伤的严重程度,hs-cTnT对比BNP评估HF患者的再住院率和死亡率时,hs-cTnT显示出了优于脑钠肽(brain natriuretic peptide,BNP)的预后评估价值[19],是评估HF预后的一个重要检测指标。
与慢性稳定性HF相比,急性失代偿性HF患者hs-cTnT水平明显升高,Pascual-Figal等[22]发现急性HF患者的hs-cTnT平均水平为0.35 ng/ml。Parissis等[23]研究也发现,急性HF时hs-cTnT>0.077 ng/ml的患者死亡率是hs-cTnT<0.077 ng/ml患者的7.2倍,单因素分析发现hs-cTnT与死亡率显著相关,除外年龄、性别、射血分数、肌酐水平等混杂因素影响,hs-cTnT仍然具有重要的预测意义。急性HF时,随时间的动态波动,基础hs-cTnT、峰值hs-cTnT和hs-cTnT变化差值的增加与心因性死亡或其他心血管不良事件的发生密切相关[24]。
对比缺血性HF和非缺血性HF,多数研究发现缺血性HF时hs-cTnT水平更高[25-27],hs-cTnT水平与HF严重程度直接相关[28],hs-cTnT水平有助于评估HF患者的预后。然而,有对照研究发现hs-cTnT水平在缺血和非缺血性心衰中无统计学差异,而hs-cTnT水平和年龄、肾功能具有显著相关性[29]。最新的一项回顾性研究发现[2],急性HF时cTn升高的前几位疾病分别是高血压(83.6%)、房颤(42.8%)、缺血性心脏病(42.6%)瓣膜性心脏病(26.8%),由此,缺血性心脏病或许并非是HF时cTn升高的最主要病因。
2016欧洲心脏病学会急慢性HF指南明确肯定了N末端脑钠肽原(N-terminal pro-natriuretic peptide, NT-proBNP)对于HF的诊断和评估价值。NT-proBNP和hs-cTnT联合研究发现,两者均升高的HF患者的5年生存率明显低于单因素升高的患者,hs-cTnT升高患者的5年生存率明显低于NT-proBNP升高的患者;对比NT-proBNP,hs-cTnT对HF患者的死亡率、HF再住院率预测价值更高[28]。除外NT-proBNP,hs-cTnT联合肽素(copetin)和sST2评估HF,双因素分析提高了HF再住院率和死亡率的预测准确度[22,30],成为评估预后的有力预测因子。
3.2HF的cTn升高机制
3.2.1 心因性因素 健康人每年损失1 g心肌,约6400万个心肌细胞[31],随着年龄的增长,生理性心肌细胞凋亡不可避免,但心肌细胞凋亡或者坏死的确切机制至今尚不清楚。血流动力负荷增加、缺血性功能失调、心肌重构、神经内分泌因子刺激、炎症因子刺激、钙负荷异常增加、细胞外基质多度增生、基因变异[32]等机制在HF发展中逐渐被发现和证实,HF时发生的心肌损伤与这些机制密切相关。无论何种原因导致的HF都会引起心脏泵血功能逐渐减低,心脏容量负荷增加,心肌纤维被动拉长异位,直接损伤心肌细胞,同时容量负荷加重亦会促进心肌收缩泵血,引起心肌纤维增生,促进心肌重构[33]。缺血性心肌损伤一方面直接引起心肌细胞坏死,另一方面可促进生长因子释放,细胞外基质增生,促进心肌重构[34]。细胞外基质是心脏的支架或骨骼,炎症因子或缺血性刺激均可使细胞外基质合成增加,导致心肌僵硬,减弱心脏收缩和舒张功能,恶性循环又再促进心肌重构[35]。同时,HF时肾素血管紧张素醛固酮系统和交感神经系统兴奋性增加,多种神经内分泌和细胞因子激活,直接损伤心肌细胞,加重心功能恶化,促进心肌重构,而心肌重构又进一步激活神经内分泌和细胞因子,形成恶性循环[32]。心肌重构是心血管系统对于生理性或病理性心肌损伤的一种结构和功能的重塑[36],在心肌损伤时发挥了不可替代的作用。
3.2.2 其他危险因素 其他危险因素,如肾脏病、肺病、重症炎症等多系统疾病相互作用,导致血cTn水平升高。例如,慢性肾功能不全合并HF时,肾脏清除代谢物质能力下降,cTn通过肾脏排出体外减少,导致血cTn升高[8]。慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并HF时,肺通气换气功能减低,氧气摄入不足,血氧交换能力下降,心肌缺血缺氧,心率加快,又增加了心肌细胞对血氧需求,促进心肌细胞损伤,或合并重症肺炎时,炎症因子刺激,加重心肌细胞损伤,多种混杂因素共同作用引起cTn升高[37]。
hs-cTn比传统cTn更敏感更特异,能够早期发现微小心肌损伤。HF过程中,缺血性功能失调、血容量负荷增加、神经内分泌因子刺激、心肌重构等多种因素混杂,或合并老龄、肾功能不全、炎症等相关因素,共同促进持续性心肌损伤。hs-cTn升高常见于急性HF、慢性HF急性发作、缺血性HF,亦可见于非缺血性HF。hs-cTn水平独立与HF的死亡率、再住院率相关,联合NT-proBNP、copetin、sST2等能更好地评估HF的危险层级和预后情况,是评估HF预后的重要预测因子。
[1] Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS,etal. The third universal definition of myocardial infarction[J]. Eur Heart J,2012, 33(20): 2551-2567. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs184.
[2] Jacob J, Roset A, Miró,etal. EAHFE-TROPICA2 study. Prognostic value of troponin in patients with acute heart failure treated in Spanish hospital emergency departments[J]. Biomarkers, 2017, 22(3-4): 337-344. DOI: 10.1080/1354750X.2016.1265006.
[3] Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD,etal. 2016 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Deve-loped with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC[J]. Eur J Heart Fail, 2016, 18(8): 891-975. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.592.
[4] Askoxylakis V, Thieke C, Pleger ST,etal. Long-term survival of cancer patients compared to heart failure and stroke: a systematic review[J]. BMC Cancer, 2010, 10:105. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-105.
[5] Newby LK, Jesse RL, Babb JD,etal. ACCF 2012 expert consensus document on practical clinical considerations in the interpretation of troponin elevations: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation task force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2012, 60(23): 2427-2463. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.08.969.
[6] Christenson RH, Azzazy HM. Biochemical markers of the acute coronary syndromes[J]. Clin Chem, 1998, 44(8 Pt 2): 1855-1864.
[7] La Vecchia L,Mezzena G, Ometto R,etal. Detectable serum troponin Ⅰ in patients with heart failure of nonmyocardial ischemic origin[J]. Am J Cardiol, 1997, 80(1): 88-90.
[8] Tsutamoto T, Kawahara C, Yamaji M,etal. Relationship between renal function and serum cardiac troponin T in patients with chronic heart failure[J]. Eur J Heart Fail, 2009, 11(7): 653-658. DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfp072.
[9] Metra M, Nodari S, Parrinello G,etal. The role of plasma biomarkers in acute heart failure. Serial changes and independent prognostic value of NT-proBNP and cardiac troponin-T[J]. Eur J Heart Fail, 2007, 9(8): 776-786. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2007.05.007.
[10] Perna ER, Macin SM, Canella JP,etal. Ongoing myocardial injury in stable severe heart failure: value of cardiac troponin T monitoring for high-risk patient identification[J]. Circulation, 2004, 110(16): 2376-2382. DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000145158.33801.F3.
[11] Miller WL1, Hartman KA, Burritt MF,etal. Profiles of serial changes in cardiac troponin T concentrations and outcome in ambulatory patients with chronic heart failure[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2009, 54(18): 1715-1721. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.07.025.
[12] Pascual-Figal DA, Manzano-Fernández S, Pastor F,etal. Troponin-T monitoring in outpatients with nonischemic heart failure[J]. Rev Esp Cardiol, 2008, 61(7): 678-686.
[13] Taniguchi R, Sato Y, Nishio Y,etal. Measurements of baseline and follow-up concentrations of cardiac troponin-T and brain natriuretic peptide in patients with heart failure from various etiologies[J]. Heart Vessels, 2006, 21(6): 344-349. DOI: 10.1007/s00380-006-0909-1.
[14] Macin SM, Perna ER, Cimbaro Canella JP,etal. Increased levels of cardiac troponin-T in outpatients with heart failure and preserved systolic function are related to adverse clinical findings and outcome[J]. Coron Artery Dis, 2006, 17(8): 685-691. DOI: 10.1097/01.mca.0000236287.56435.14.
[15] Hudson MP, O’Connor CM, Gattis WA,etal. Implications of elevated cardiac troponin T in ambulatory patients with heart failure: a prospective analysis[J]. Am Heart J, 2004, 147(3): 546-552. DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2003.10.014.
[16] Perna ER, Macin SM, Canella JP,etal. Ongoing myocardial injury in stable severe heart failure value of cardiac troponin T monitoring for high-risk patient identification[J]. Circulation, 2004, 110(16): 2376-2382. DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000-145158.33801.F3.
[17] Perna ER, Macin SM, Cimbaro Canella JP,etal.High levels of troponin T are associated with ventricular remodeling and adverse in-hospital outcome in heart failure[J]. Med Sci Monit, 2004, 10(3): CR90-95.
[18] Hamada M, Shigematsu Y, Ohtani T,etal. Elevated cardiac enzymes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with heart failure — a 20-year prospective follow-up study[J]. Circ J, 2016, 80(1): 218-226. DOI: 10.1253/circj.CJ-15-0872.
[19] Latini R, Masson S. Significance of measurable cardiac troponin by high-sensitivity assays in patients with chronic stable heart failure[J]. Coron Artery Dis, 2013, 24(8): 716-719. DOI: 10.1097/MCA.0000000000000051.
[20] Guisado Espartero ME, Salamanca-Bautista P, Aramburu-Bodas O,etal. Troponin T in acute heart failure: clinical implications and prognosis in the Spanish National Registry on Heart Failure[J]. Eur J Intern Med, 2014, 25(8): 739-744. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2014.08.005.
[21] Giannitsis E, Kurz K, Hallermayer K,etal. Analytical validation of a high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T assay[J]. Clin Chem, 2010, 56(2): 254-261. DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2009.132654.
[22] Pascual-Figal DA, Manzano-Fernández S, Boronat M,etal. Soluble ST2, high-sensitivity troponin T- and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide: complementary role for risk stratification in acutely decompensated heart failure[J]. Eur J Heart Fail, 2011, 13(7): 718-725. DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfr047.
[23] Parissis JT, Papadakis J, Kadoglou NP,etal. Prognostic value of high sensitivity troponin T in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure and non-detectable conventional troponin T levels[J]. Int J Cardiol, 2013, 168(4): 3609-3612. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.05.056.
[24] Felker GM, Mentz RJ, Teerlink JR,etal. Serial high sensitivity cardiac troponin T measurement in acute heart failure: insights from the RELAX-AHF study[J]. Eur J Heart Fail, 2015, 17(12): 1262-1270. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.341.
[25] Bakal RB, Hatipoglu S, Kahveci G,etal. Determinants of high sensitivity troponin T concentration in chronic stable patients with heart failure: ischemic heart failureversusnon-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy[J]. Cardiol J, 2014, 21(1): 67-75. DOI: 10.5603/CJ.a2013.0061.
[26] Likoff MJ, Chandler SL, Kay HR. Clinical determinants of mortality in chronic congestive heart failure secondary to idiopathic dilated or to ischemic cardiomyopathy[J]. Am J Cardiol, 1987, 59(6): 634-638.
[27] Bart BA, Shaw LK, McCants CB Jr,etal. Clinical determinants of mortality in patients with angiographically diagnosed ischemic or nonischemiccardiomyopathy[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1997, 30(4): 1002-1008.
[28] de Antonio M, Lupon J, Galan A,etal. Combined use of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T and N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide improves measurements of performance over established mortality risk factors in chronic heart failure[J]. Am Heart J, 2012, 163(5): 821-828. DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2012.03.004.
[29] Jungbauer CG, Riedlinger J, Buchner S,etal. High-sensitive troponin T in chronic heart failure correlates with severity of symptoms, left ventricular dysfunction and prognosis independently from N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide[J]. Clin Chem Lab Med, 2011, 49(11): 1899-1906. DOI: 10.1515/CCLM.2011.251.
[30] Tentzeris I, Jarai R, Farhan S,etal. Complementary role of copeptin and high-sensitivity troponin in predicting outcome in patients with stable chronic heart failure[J]. Eur J Heart Fail, 2011, 13(7): 726-733.DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfr049.
[31] Olivetti G, Giordano G, Corradi D,etal. Gender differences and aging: effects on the human heart[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1995, 26(4): 1068-1079. DOI: 10.1016/0735-1097(95)00282-8.
[32] Braunwald E. Heart failure[J]. JACC Heart Fail, 2013, 1(1): 1-20.DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2012.10.002.
[33] van Heerebeek L, Borbély A, Niessen HW,etal. Myocardial structure and function differ in systolic and diastolic heart failure[J]. Circulation, 2006, 113(16): 1966-1973. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.587519.
[34] Gandhi MS, Kamalov G, Shahbaz AU,etal. Cellular and molecular pathways to myocardial necrosis and replacement fibrosis[J]. Heart Fail Rev, 2011, 16(1): 23-34. DOI: 10.1007/s10741-010-9169-3.
[35] Katz AM, Zile MR. New molecular mechanism in diastolic heart failure[J]. Circulation, 2006, 113(16): 1922-1925.DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.620765.
[36] Sekaran NK, Crowley AL, de Souza FR,etal. The role for cardiovascular remodeling in cardiovascular outcomes[J]. Curr Atheroscler Rep, 2017, 19(5): 23. DOI: 10.1007/s11883-017-0656-z.
[37] Høiseth AD, Brynildsen J, Hagve TA,etal. The influence of heart failure co-morbidity on high-sensitivity troponin T levels in COPD exacerbation in a prospective cohort study: data from the Akershus cardiac examination (ACE) 2 study[J]. Biomarkers, 2016, 21(2): 173-179. DOI: 10.3109/1354750X.2015.1126645.