绵羊和山羊住肉孢子虫流行病学及分型研究进展

董 辉，陆瑶瑶，杨玉荣

DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1002-2694.2017.09.014

绵羊和山羊住肉孢子虫流行病学及分型研究进展

董 辉，陆瑶瑶，杨玉荣1

动物住肉孢子虫病可引起畜牧养殖业的经济损失，影响食品质量安全，威胁人类健康。国际上已确定的绵羊(Ovisaries)住肉孢子虫有4种：S.tenella、S.arieticanis、S.gigantea、S.medusiformis，山羊(Caprahircus)住肉孢子虫有3种：S.capracanis、S.hircicanis、S.moulei。本文综述绵羊和山羊住肉孢子虫的生活史、国内和国际的流行情况、致病性、形态学特点和诊断方法，以期为中国绵羊和山羊住肉孢子虫的生物学特征研究及其诊断分型提供有力基础依据。

住肉孢子虫；绵羊；山羊；流行病学；形态学；分型; 分子生物学

住肉孢子虫(Sarcocystis)为顶复亚门，孢子虫纲，真球虫目，肉孢子虫科，孢子虫属的一种原生性细胞内寄生虫[1]。住肉孢子虫在世界分布广泛，人畜均会感染[2]。1843年Miescher第1次在鼠横纹肌中发现了白色线状的住肉孢子虫包囊[3-4]，到目前为止在动物中一共发现有196种住肉孢子虫[5]。住肉孢子虫具有严格的宿主选择性，其生活史需要在中间宿主和终末宿主中完成，中间宿主多为草食动物或者杂食动物，终末宿主多为肉食动物[6-7]。住肉孢子虫可以在猪、牛和羊等中间宿主的肌肉形成包囊[8]，住肉孢子虫虫型和感染数量的不同，其致病性也具有明显的差异，可引起家畜的厌食、流产、甚至死亡，人食用含住肉孢子虫的肉后，会引起胃肠道疾病。羊住肉孢子虫病可引起畜牧业经济损失，降低肉品质量，危害公共健康[9]。本文综述我国和国际上已确定的绵羊和山羊住肉孢子虫的流行情况、生活史、形态学特点和分型、致病性以及分子学诊断方法，为深入研究国内绵羊和山羊住肉孢子虫生物学特征提供有力依据。

1 生活史

住肉孢子虫与哈蒙球虫、弓形虫和新孢子虫的[10-12]生活史十分相似，分为有性生殖和无性生殖。以S.tenalla的生活史为例解释绵羊和山羊住肉孢子虫的生活史[4]。当犬科动物食入含有S.tenella包囊的组织后，包囊在胃和小肠内消化释放出缓殖子，缓殖子在侵入小肠粘膜的过程中非常有活力，摄入包囊6 HPI(hours post inoculation)，可以在杯状细胞内发现缓殖子。然后，缓殖子进入配子生殖阶段，发育为雌、雄配子，其数量比约为95∶5，雌配子和雄配子受精后产生合子，合子外分泌囊壁形成卵囊。卵囊在肠壁内进行孢子化，每个孢子化的卵囊内含有两个孢子囊，每个孢子囊内形成4个子孢子。孢子化的卵囊壁薄，易于破裂，游离的孢子囊会进入肠腔，随终末宿主的粪便排出到外界的环境中[1]。当中间宿主绵羊误食饲料和水中携带的S.tenella的卵囊，卵囊进入小肠后释放出的子孢子经肠系膜和肠系膜淋巴结动脉，进入全身动脉血管内皮细胞完成第一代裂殖生殖(9～21 DPI)，然后进入全身毛细血管完成第二代裂殖生殖(16～40 DPI)，虫血症时间为14～32 DPI，然后裂殖子进入中枢神经组织、心脏形成包囊。

2 流行病学

2.1 世界各国的感染情况 绵羊和山羊住肉孢子虫病在世界分布广泛，文献统计绵羊住肉孢子虫病阳性率为31.42%～93.31%，山羊住肉孢子虫病阳性率为28.30%～83.69%。国际上广泛承认和确定的绵羊住肉孢子虫有4种，S.tenella、S.arieticanis、S.gigantea、S.medusiformis。目前S.tenella、S.gigantea、S.arieticanis世界广泛分布，S.medusiformis只在澳大利亚、新西兰、伊朗和意大利有报道[7]。国际上广泛承认和确定的山羊住肉孢子虫有S.capracanis、S.hircicanis、S.moulei。山羊住肉孢子虫在欧洲和北美洲文献报道尚少。世界绵羊和山羊住肉孢子虫感染和分布情况详见表1。

表1 世界绵羊及山羊住肉孢子虫病流行情况
Tab.1 Prevalence of Sarcocystis in sheep or goats from the world

宿主Host位置Location阳性率Positive%虫型Species参考文献References绵羊大洋洲93.31(990/1061)S.tenella、S.arieticanis、S.gigantea、S.medusiformis[1]欧洲31.42(3158/10051)S.tenella、S.arieticanis、S.gigantea、S.medusiformis[1,7][13]非洲54.67(621/1136)S.tenella、S.arieticanis[1]南美36.22(343/947)S.tenella、S.arieticanis、S.gigantea[1,14][12,15]北美67.40(1141/1693)S.tenella、S.arieticanis、S.gigantea[1]亚洲48.02(26061/54270)S.tenella、S.arieticanis、S.gigantea、S.medusiformis[1,4,8,10,16-87]山羊大洋洲28.33(17/60)—[1]非洲76.80(907/1181)S.capracanis[1]南美83.69(585/699)S.capracanis[1,14]亚洲53.89(5522/10246)S.capracanis、S.hircicanis、S.moulei[1,5,6,8,20,26,33,50,51,61,73,80,84,88-91]

2.2 在我国的流行情况 我国已确定的绵羊住肉孢子虫有3种：S.tenella、S.arieticanis、S.gigantea，已确定的山羊住肉孢子虫有3种：S.hircianis、S.capracanis、S.moulei。绵羊住肉孢子虫病的阳性率在7.74%～100%，山羊住肉孢子虫病的阳性率在9.73%～77.94%。根据已报道的绵羊和山羊住肉孢子虫病的流行病学调查，统计中国绵羊和山羊的住肉孢子虫病的分布情况，发现中国多地区羊感染住肉孢子虫，且感染率较高，见表2。

表2 中国绵羊和山羊住肉孢子虫流行病学调查
Tab.2 Epidemiological investigation of Sarcocystis in sheep and goats of China

宿主Host地区Region年份Year阳性率Positive%虫型Species被检组织Tissue检测方法Method参考文献Reference绵羊北京、河北199954.50(12/22)——MS,EM[26]甘肃19807.74(1152/14891)—MMS[80]黑龙江198591.82(359/391)—D,HGR,MS[81]河南1988-201611.60(105/905)S.arieticanis,S.tenellaD,E,H,MGR,MS,PS[25,48]辽宁1993-200027.83(59/212)—D,E,H,MGR,MS[43-45,82]内蒙199957.14(44/77)——MS,EM[26]青海1983-201561.34(7490/12210)S.tenella,S.gigantea,S.arieticanisD,E,H,MGR,PS,PS[27-31,36,37,39-42,46,47,49-74,76-79,83-87]新疆1985-199082.77(5418/6546)S.arieticanisD,H,S,M,GR,MS,PS[32-35,38,75]山羊北京、河北199957.60(19/33)——MS,EM[26]甘肃19809.73(114/1172)—MMS[80]内蒙199933.30(12/36)——MS,EM[26]青海1983-201373.52(261/355)S.mouleiD,E,H,MGR,MS[50,51,61,73,84,91]新疆1987-198842.00(5/12)—HMS[33]云南1999,201677.94(212/272)S.hircianis,S.capracanis—MS,PS,EM[5,26]

D: diaphragm 膈肌; E: esophagus 食道肌; H: heart 心肌; M: skeletal muscle 骨骼肌; —:未报道;

EM: electron microscope 电子显微镜; GR: Gross 肉眼观察; MS: muscle squash 肌肉压片; PS: paraffin section 石蜡切片

3 致病性

绵羊住肉孢子虫S.tenella和S.arieticanis的终末宿主为犬科动物[7](表3)。S.tenella强致病性，绵羊感染后会出现厌食、体重减轻、贫血、产奶量降低、早产、流产、神经症状和死亡等[15,21]。S.arieticanis的致病性稍弱于S.tenalla[21]，感染S.arieticanis可以引起绵羊腹泻、食欲下降、失去活动精神、毛发减少、虚弱等[4]。S.gigantea和S.medusiformis的终末宿主是猫科动物，对绵羊无致病性[7]，当组织间寄生的住肉孢子虫包囊破裂时，引起肌肉的炎症反应将影响肉的品质[15]。山羊住肉孢子虫中，S.capracanis和S.hircicanis的终末宿主是犬科动物，S.capracanis致病性强于S.hircicanis，可以引起山羊体温升高、体重减轻、流产和死亡[6]。S.moulei的终末宿主是猫科动物，无致病性[6]。

绵羊和山羊住肉孢子虫对中间宿主的致病性高于终末宿主，通过犬科动物传播的住肉孢子虫的致病性要强于通过猫科动物传播住的肉孢子虫(对比见表3)。对于强致病性的S.tenella和S.arieticanis引起的羊住肉孢子虫病，其感染严重程度与最初卵囊的摄入量、宿主的免疫状态及营养状态有关[4,7]，但强致病性的绵羊和山羊住肉孢子虫对人没有致病性。绵羊可以同时感染两种类型的住肉孢子虫(有致病性和无致病性的虫型)[7]。

4 形态学特征

4.1 光学显微镜下的形态结构 很难根据临床症状诊断住肉孢子虫病[21]。2016年，Damboriarena就报道了绵羊食道肌大量随机分布的白色椭圆形的S.gigantea包囊[15]，因为绵羊和山羊住肉孢子虫的包囊通常寄生在肌肉组织。住肉孢子虫与肌纤维平行，形态呈纺锤形、圆柱形、卵圆型等，颜色呈灰白色、乳白色。S.gigantea和S.medusiformis包囊可以通过肉眼观察，S.tenella和S.arieticanis的包囊需要通过显微镜观察。山羊住肉孢子虫包囊均可以通过肉眼观察。

蛋白酶可以将肌组织和包囊壁消化破解，释放缓殖子，缓殖子呈月牙或香蕉型，通过光学显微镜可以检查住肉孢子虫的缓殖子[19,21]；组织学压片技术可以观察到宿主肌肉组织中非肉眼可见的住肉孢子虫包囊[21]，当住肉孢子虫的感染密度高时，组织学压片方法优于其它方法[14]，住肉孢子虫对宿主选择和在组织器官内分布均有特异性，用光学显微镜观察H&E染色的切片可以判定住肉孢子虫包囊壁的薄厚并观察包囊壁内的缓殖子[21]，所以结合组织学方法可以对住肉孢子虫进鉴别和分型[25]。比如绵羊住肉孢子虫中S.tenella是厚壁的住肉孢子虫，寄生于绵羊的心肌和舌肌，S.arieticanis是薄壁的住肉孢子虫，寄生于心肌，而S.gigantea和S.medusiformis为薄壁的住肉孢子虫未寄生于心肌。

4.2 超微结构 住肉孢子虫包囊壁由两层构成，包囊外有囊壁和突起(Villar protrusions, VP)，内壁向内延伸形成隔，将囊腔分成小室，小室内有大量香蕉状或肾形的缓殖子和母细胞。包囊壁的超微结构在不同类型的住肉孢子虫中具有明显的区别，目前为止住肉孢子虫包囊壁的种类至少已有82种[1]。不同住肉孢子虫包囊壁VP的类型有较大差别[1]，所以通过电子显微镜对比超微结构的差异是对住肉孢子虫分型的一种有效方法[4]，也是住肉孢子分类学中最为认可的手段[7]。绵羊和山羊住肉孢子虫形态特征见表3[1,5]。

表3 绵羊及山羊住肉孢子虫形态特征
Tab.3 Morphology of the Sarcocystis in the sheep or goats

虫型Species宿主Host肉眼Gross包囊大小和壁厚度Cystssize(mm)andWal(μm)突起类型Villarprotrusions分布Distribution致病性Pathogenicity膈肌D心肌H中枢神经系统CNS绵羊或山羊SheeporGoat人Human终末宿主DefinitiveHostsS.gigantea绵羊可见7.5×5薄壁<2Type21:菜花状有无无无无家猫S.medusiformis可见8×0.2薄壁<2Type20:四边形有无无无无家猫S.tenella不可见最长0.7厚壁1～3Type14:栅栏状无有有强无家犬、狼、狐S.arieticanis不可见最长0.9薄壁<1Type7b:细丝状有有无较强无家犬S.capracanis山羊可见1×0.1厚壁2-3Type14:栅栏状有有有有无家犬、狼、狐S.hircicanis可见最长2.5薄壁<1Type7a:细丝状有有无无无家犬S.moulei可见17×7厚壁3～4Type21:菜花状有无无—无家猫

D: diaphragm 膈肌；H: heart 心肌；CNS: central nervous system 中枢神经系统；S: sheep 绵羊；G: goat 山羊；Hu: human 人；—: 未报道

5 分子生物学分型

近年来随着分子生物学技术的发展，关于住肉孢子虫基因序列的研究主要集中在分子流行病学调查、分型研究和种系发育。目前，通过核糖体小亚基(18S rRNA)、核糖体大亚基(28S rRNA)鉴别住肉孢子虫较为普遍[7]。内转录间隔区-ITS(Internal transcribed spacer)、线粒体细胞色素氧化酶Ⅰ-cox1(Cytochrome C oxidase subunit I)[5,93]也是良好的基因序列研究的选择。已报道的关于绵羊和山羊住肉孢子虫PCR引物序列，见表4。

6 讨 论

国内对于住肉孢子虫病的研究多集中在黄牛[94]、水牛，关于绵羊和山羊住肉孢子虫的研究多集中于流行病学方面的研究，关于其生活史和其它生物学特征尚未完全证实。研究住肉孢子虫，一方面是探究住肉孢子虫的整体感染情况、季节动态变化、地理区域分布，另一方面是明确我国存在的住肉孢子虫，对其分型，从而提高流行病学调查的信息多样性和准确性，确定是否会对畜牧业及人类的食品安全造成威胁并有效控制该病。

表4 绵羊和山羊住肉孢子虫PCR引物序列
Tab.4 Sequences of PCR primers of Sarcocystis in sheep or goats

序号NO.检测方法Methods引物Primer片段大小Size(bp)虫型Species参考文献References1PCRSAD2F(5'-GGAAGCGATTGGAACC-3')300-350S.capracanis[6]18SrRNASAD2R(5'-CCTTGGTCCGTGTTTCA-3')2PCR1L(5'-CCATGCATGTCTAAGTATAAGC)-3')800S.tenella[14,88]3H(5'-GGCAAATGCTTTCGCAGTAG-3')3PCR-RFLPForward(5'-TTCTATGGCTAATACATGCG-3')722and242S.gigantea[19]Reverse(5'-CCCTAATCCTTCGAAACAGGA-3')901and63S.medusiformis4PCRForward(5'-CGCAAATTACCCAATCCTGA-3')700S.tenellaorS.arieticanis[12]Reverse(5'-ATTTCTCATAAGGTGCAGGAG-3')5Nest-PCRAP2(5'CCCGGGATCCAAGCTTGATCCTTCTGCAGGTTCACCTAC-3')530S.tenella[92]18SrRNAnested(5'-TTTGACTCAACACGGG-3')ST3(5'-CGTTGCCGCGCGTTAA-3')externalST1(5'-GGATCGCATTATGGTCAT-3')6Nest-PCRexternalSTA(5'-TTTCGCAAGGAAGAGGA-3')andSA2(5'-TGAAACGGCGCGTAGA-3')375S.arieticanis[92]18SrRNAinternal(5'-AGGGTTCGATTCCGGAG-3')SA1(5'-GCGGGAAGAGGAGAAT-3')7RT-PCRSar-F1(5'-GCACTTGATGAATTCTGGCA-3')600S.tenella[17]Sar-R1(5'-CACCACCCATAGAATCAAG-3')Sar-antisense:(5'-CCCTAATCCTTCGAAACAGGA-3')

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EpidemiologyandclassificationofSarcocystisinsheepandgoat

DONG Hui, LU Yao-yao, YANG Yu-rong

(CollegeofAnimalScienceandVeterinaryMedicine,HenanAgriculturalUniversity,Zhengzhou450002,China)

Sarcocystiscould cause significant economic losses of animal husbandry, and threaten to public health and the quality of food safety.S.tenella,S.arieticanis,S.giganteaandS.medusiformisare four speciesSarcocystisin sheep (Ovisaries). WhileS.capracanis,S.hircicanisandS.mouleiare three species ofSarcocystisin goat (Caprahircus). The life cycle, epidemiological, pathogenicity, morphological characteristics and diagnostic methods of sheep and goats were reviewed in this paper. The research of biological characteristics ofSarcocystisprovides a powerful basis for diagnosis in sheep and goat in China.

Sarcocystis; sheep; goat; epidemiology; morphology; classification; molecular biology

Yang Yu-rong, Email: yangyu7712@sina.com

国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0500707)，河南省高校科技创新人才支持计划(17HASTIT038)资助项目

杨玉荣, yangyu7712@sina.com

河南农业大学牧医工程学院, 郑州 450002

R382.3

：A

：1002-2694(2017)09-0828-09

2017-03-23编辑：刘岱伟

Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2016YFD0500707) and the Program for Science and Technology Innovation Talents in Universities of Henan Province (No. 17HASTIT038)