张娆娆 叶艳芳 卜克
(1.郑州大学第五附属医院 重症医学科 河南 郑州 450052; 2.郑州铁路职业技术学院 药学系 河南 郑州 450000)
胸腔闭式引流对机械通气患者呼吸力学和血流动力学的影响
张娆娆1叶艳芳2卜克1
(1.郑州大学第五附属医院 重症医学科 河南 郑州 450052; 2.郑州铁路职业技术学院 药学系 河南 郑州 450000)
目的探讨合并大量胸腔积液的机械通气患者行胸腔闭式引流术对其呼吸力学和血流动力学的影响。方法对入住ICU的机械通气合并大量胸腔积液患者行胸腔闭式引流术,观察胸腔闭式引流前后患者血流动力学及呼吸力学指标的变化。结果23例患者行胸腔闭式引流术后血压、心率变化差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);肺动脉压下降,平台压下降,肺顺应性增加,氧合指数增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论胸腔闭式引流能够改善机械通气患者的呼吸力学指标,改善氧合状态,对机械通气合并大量胸腔积液患者应积极行胸腔闭式引流术,尤其是肺顺应性良好患者。
机械通气;胸腔积液;呼吸力学;血流动力学
胸腔积液在危重症患者中十分常见,常规超声检查发现ICU患者胸腔积液的发生率高达60%[1],且多种因素参与ICU患者胸腔积液的发生、发展,如肺炎、心源性或非心源性肺水肿、低蛋白血症、液体超负荷等。胸腔积液使患者呼吸力学改变、膈肌收缩受阻,延长危重症患者机械通气时间和入住ICU时间。既往研究中胸腔穿刺引流对机械通气合并胸水患者的影响结论不一,可能与患者胸水量的不同有关。本研究的目的在于观察胸腔积液引流对机械通气合并大量胸腔积液患者氧合、呼吸力学、血流动力学的影响。
2.1胸腔积液引流后患者呼吸力学及血流动力学指标变化2例感染性多器官功能衰竭患者胸腔闭式引流后不到24 h死亡(>6 h),行统计学处理时将其排除。6 h和24 h胸腔积液平均引流量分别为(683±213)ml和(1 142 ±328)ml。胸腔积液引流后平台压下降,肺顺应性增加(P<0.05);血流动力学监测显示肺动脉压下降(P<0.05),而血压、心率和心输出量在胸水引流后无明显变化(P>0.05);胸腔积液引流后患者氧合指数增加(P<0.05)。见表1。
表1 胸腔积液引流6、24 h后呼吸力学和血流动力学指标变化
2.2相关性从胸腔闭式引流前(H0)到胸腔闭式引流后24 h(H24),氧合指数提高的百分比与排水量无相关性(r=0.20,P=0.34),与基础呼气末平台压负相关(r=-0.61,P=0.031),与基础静态顺应性呈正相关(r=0.64,P=0.02)。
胸腔穿刺引流是合并大量胸腔积液患者的重要治疗措施,能够改善患者的气体交换。既往研究显示胸腔积液相关的呼吸困难与胸腔积液的量无明显相关性,而胸水引流后患者症状缓解的程度也因人而异[2-3]。针对胸腔积液患者行胸水引流后其相关病理生理指标改变方面的研究很少;本文观察了机械通气合并大量胸水患者胸腔闭式引流后呼吸力学和血流动力学指标的变化。
研究显示,胸腔内压力增加产生的心包填塞样效果在胸水引流后得以逆转[4],该研究发现胸腔积液引流对血流动力学无明显影响;胸腔积液引流后患者血压、心率、心输出量无明显变化;胸腔积液引流使患者平台压下降、静态顺应性增加,氧合指数提高。近期1项纳入19项研究(共1 124例患者)的meta分析显示机械通气患者胸水引流后氧合指数平均提高18%[5];氧合指数增加可能为胸水引流后塌陷的肺复张,通气血流改善,肺内分流减少所致[6]。既往研究也显示胸水引流对气体交换的影响主要依赖于复张的肺容积的多少[7]。本研究中,氧合指数的提高与静态顺应性正相关,与基础呼气末平台压负相关,而与排出的胸水量无关;平台压反映呼吸系统弹性回缩压及机械通气时肺泡承受的最大压力[8],通常平台压高的患者,其静态顺应性往往下降;胸水引流后肺顺应性高的患者肺容积增加的比例更大,肺顺应性差的患者肺容积增加有限,与之前的研究结果一致,而合并大量胸腔积液的ARDS患者行胸腔闭式引流术后氧合指数无明显改善[7,9],也能够用其肺顺应性差解释。
本研究的意义在于观察到哪些合并大量胸腔积液的机械通气患者能够从胸腔闭式引流术中获益。另外,中心导管置管法引流能够在危重症患者床旁操作实施,是一种简单、安全的胸腔闭式引流方法[10]。本研究中23例患者均未出现血胸、气胸等相关并发症。
总之,大量胸腔积液的引流能够提高机械通气患者的氧合、呼吸力学,而对血流动力学无明显影响,对合并大量胸腔积液的危重症患者可以积极行胸腔闭式引流术,尤其是肺顺应性良好的患者。
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Influenceofclosedthoracicdrainageonrespiratorymechanicsandhemodynamicsinmechanicallyventilatedpatients
Zhang Yaoyao1, Ye Yanfang2, Bo Ke1
(1.DepartmentofCriticalCareMedicine,theFifthAffiliatedHospitalofZhengzhouUniversity,Zhengzhou450052,China; 2.DepartmentofPharmacy,ZhengzhouRailwayVocational&TechnicalCollege,Zhengzhou450000,China)
ObjectiveTo explore the influence of closed thoracic drainage on respiratory mechanics and hemodynamics in mechanically ventilated patients.MethodsClosed thoracic drainage was performed for patients with massive pleural effusion treated with mechanical ventilation in ICU. The changes of hemodynamics and respiratory mechanics indexes before and after closed thoracic drainage were observed.ResultsThere was no statistical difference in blood pressure and heart rate between before and after closed thoracic drainage in 23 patients (P>0.05). Pulmonary arterial pressure and the plateau pressure decreased, lung compliance and oxygenation index were increased, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05).ConclusionClosed thoracic drainage can improve the respiratory mechanics indexes and oxygenation status in patients treated with mechanical ventilation. For patients with massive pleural effusion treated with mechanical ventilation, thoracic closed drainage should be performed, especially for patients with good lung compliance.
mechanical ventilation; pleural effusion; respiratory mechanics; hemodynamics
R 561doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-437X.2017.17.006
2016-11-19)