陈益国 侯晓睿 朱 平 刘北一
(江西省人民医院检验科,南昌330008)
·免疫学技术与方法·
模拟肽聚糖表位的序列分析及其抗原性鉴定①
陈益国 侯晓睿②朱 平②刘北一②
(江西省人民医院检验科,南昌330008)
目的:在线预测肽聚糖(PGN)模拟抗表原位并鉴定其抗原性。方法:利用抗PGN单克隆抗体从12线性噬菌体随机展示肽库中筛选模拟PGN表位的阳性克隆,对阳性克隆进行DNA测序和推导氨基酸序列,结合生物信息学分析阳性序列GRWxHxVxWAGL的抗原性以及T细胞表位,根据分析对阳性序列进行修饰与合成,ELISA法鉴定阳性序列的抗原性。结果:经对噬菌体12线性肽库的3轮筛选,夹心ELISA鉴定得到16个与抗PGN单克隆抗体结合的克隆,DNA 测序并推导氨基酸序列,该序列与前期具有抗金黄色葡萄球菌活性序列No.31(ATWxHxLxSAGL)含有保守序列WxHx…AGL。在线分析(http://bio.dfci.harvard.edu/Tools/antigenic.pl,www.syfpeithi.de,http://www.darrenflower.info/mhcpred)表明,含保守序列的阳性序列GRWxHxVxWAGL包含与人和小鼠MHC结合表位 (-WxHxVxW-),C端加入AGGS后具有T细胞表位(DNAstar),据此合成线性肽Biotin- GRWxHxVxWAGLAGGS(命名为SP39)。ELISA结果显示,SP39能与抗PGN单抗及抗S.aureus全菌多抗结合,PGN能抑制SP39与抗PGN单克隆抗体结合。结论:经噬菌体肽库筛选获得阳性序列GRWxHxVxWAGLAGGS,该序列可能模拟PGN抗原表位。
肽聚糖;模拟肽;噬菌体肽库;金黄色葡萄球菌
目前,金黄色葡萄球菌已成为ICU等危重病房感染率较高的细菌之一,在欧美及亚太地区,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)已由院内扩散到社区感染[1,2],更为严重的是,万古霉素中敏及耐药分离株逐年增加[3- 5]; 而耐万古霉素MRSA的出现使临床将面临无抗生素可用的局面[6],因此,免疫学防治方法受到人们重视,目前针对包括MRSA在内的金黄色葡萄球菌不同的成分已研制出多种治疗性抗体和疫苗,均未被批准临床应用[7- 9],这可能与金黄色葡萄球菌成分众多,不同抗原在细菌生长不同阶段以及不同感染部位表达差异有关,甚至抗原发生变异有关[10,11]。因此寻找较为保守、为金黄色葡萄球菌生长所必需的抗原表位尤为重要。肽聚糖(Peptidoglycan,PGN)是金黄色葡萄球菌细胞壁的保守成分,在金黄色葡萄球菌生长、繁殖中发挥重要作用[12],是免疫防治的靶抗原,但由于属于非胸腺依赖性抗原(TI抗原),不易诱导免疫记忆和再次免疫应答。本文用噬菌体肽库筛选技术,获得模拟PGN表位序列,同时利用在线预测分析所得阳性序列特性,体外鉴定线性肽的抗原性。
1.1 材料
1.1.1 肽库与菌株 噬菌体线性12肽库(Ph.D.- 12TMPhage Display Peptide Library Kit)、受体菌ER2738均购自NEB [New England Biolabs(UK)Ltd]。
1.1.2 抗体及合成肽 抗PGN单克隆抗体购自ABD公司(IgG3,ABD Sertec UK);肽聚糖(PGN,Cat No.77140)和脂磷壁酸(Lipoteichoicacid,LTA,L2525)购自Sigma公司;抗金黄色葡萄球菌多克隆抗体由本室制备;合成肽SP39(Biotin- GRWxHxV- xWAGLAGGS)由深圳翰宇生物技术有限公司合成,HRP- 羊抗鼠IgG(工作浓度1∶5 000)及HRP- 羊抗兔IgG(工作浓度1∶5 000)购于北京鼎国公司,其余均为实验室常规试剂。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 抗PGN单抗检测体系确定及其特异性鉴定 以不同包被稀释液系列稀释PGN并包被酶标板,封闭后加入抗PGN单抗(1 μg/ml),37℃孵育30 min 后,PBST洗板,加入HRP- 羊抗鼠IgG(1∶5 000 稀释),37℃孵育30 min,洗板,TMB显色。
以10 μg/ml LTA、PGN,金黄色葡萄球菌超声裂解产物(5×108CFU)各50 μl/孔包被酶标板,4℃孵育过夜,金黄色葡萄球菌超声裂解产物包被孔用0.25% 酪蛋白(含1%兔血清)封闭2 h,其余孔用0.25%酪蛋白于37℃ 封闭2 h,0.1%TBST 洗板3次;加入1 μg/ml抗PGN单克隆抗体50 μl/孔,37℃孵育30 min;TBS- 0.1%Tween20(TBST)洗板3次,加入50 μl HRP- 羊抗鼠IgG(1∶5 000),37℃孵育30 min,洗板后加入TMB显色;2 mol/L H2SO4终止反应,测定OD450值,以OD450值高于阴性对照2倍以上为阳性结果。
1.2.2 以抗PGN单克隆抗体为靶标对噬菌体12肽库的筛选 以包被缓冲液(NaHCO3,pH8.6)稀释抗PGN单抗至20 μg/ml并包被96孔酶标板,封闭后加5 μl噬菌体12肽库(1×1011pfu/well)及45 μl TBST(TBS含0.1%Tween),室温下结合1 h,用TBST洗板10次,吸干后加入50 μl pH2.2,0.2 mol/L甘氨酸- 盐酸缓冲液,洗脱结合的噬菌体,扩增洗脱产物,共进行三个筛选,按说明书测定每轮噬菌体滴度测定。从第三轮筛选洗脱物中随机挑选噬菌体克隆进行鉴定。
1.2.3 阳性噬菌体克隆的鉴定 从第三轮筛选洗脱产物中随机挑取噬菌体克隆。PBS包被孔作为阴性空白对照,以2 μg/ml商品化抗PGN单克隆抗体包被酶标板,封闭后加入50 μl 噬菌体克隆,37℃孵育30 min;0.5%TBST 洗板10次,加1∶5 000 HRP- 抗M13单抗,37℃孵育30 min,0.5%TBST 洗板后加入TMB 50 μl 显色5 min;2 mol/L H2SO4终止反应,测定OD450值,以OD450值高于阴性对照2倍以上为阳性结果。
1.2.4 阳性噬菌体克隆DNA 序列测定 扩增的阳性噬菌体克隆以PEG/NaCl 纯化后,再以碘化钠溶解抽提噬菌体单链DNA,送英潍捷公司进行 DNA 序列分析并推导氨基酸序列。
1.2.5 模拟肽序列的抗原性分析 阳性序列与MHC结合情况预测由在线软件完成(www.syfpeithi.de);表位序列的抗原性用哈弗在线软件进行(http://bio.dfci.harvard.edu/Tools/antige- nic.pl);T细胞表位预测由抗原分析软件DNAstar和http://www.darrenflower.info /mhcpred/完成。根据序列分析,修饰阳性序列并由深圳瀚宇公司合成。
1.2.6 合成模拟肽的抗原性鉴定 (1)SP39鉴定:按5 μg/ml链霉亲和素包被酶标板4℃过夜,1%酪蛋白封闭2 h,洗板后加入不同稀释度的biotin- SP39;室温反应2 h,0.1%PBST洗板3次,分别加入2 μg/ml 抗PGN单抗、抗金黄色葡萄球菌多抗 37℃孵育30 min,0.1%PBST洗板5次,分别加入HRP- 羊抗鼠IgG、HRP- 羊抗兔IgG 37℃孵育30 min,洗板后加TMB显色,2 mol/L H2SO4终止反应,测OD450。
(2)竞争抑制实验:10 μg/ml 链霉亲和素(50 μl/孔)包被酶标板,封闭后加入SP39,室温反应2 h,0.1%PBST洗板5次,同时加入抗PGN单抗(终浓度为2 μg/ml)与不同浓度PGN(起始浓度为200 μg/ml),37℃孵育30 min;洗板后依次加HRP- 羊抗鼠IgG,TMB显色,2 mol/L H2SO4终止反应,测OD450。结果以抑制率(%)表示,抑制率计算公式:抑制率%=[OD450抑制(n)-OD450抑制(0)]/OD450抑制(0)×100%。
2.1 抗PGN单抗能特异性结合PGN和金黄色葡萄球菌 筛选用商品化抗PGN单抗是用紫外灭活的金黄色葡萄球菌(ATCC29740)作为免疫原制备,能识别金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和SPA阴性葡萄球菌的PGN,但与其他具有多糖结构的细菌的结合特异性未做鉴定,LPS为环境中常见污染物,LTA是葡萄球菌表面重要的多糖成分,因此有必要鉴定其结合特异性。我们首先确定最佳包被稀释液,结果显示,用0.85%生理盐水稀释PGN,包被效果最佳(图1A)。以此稀释液稀释PGN、LTA、金黄色葡萄球菌超声裂解产物以及LPS,进行ELISA鉴定,结果显示,抗PGN单抗能与商品化PGN和S.aureus的超声裂解物发生反应(P<0.05),而不与LTA、LPS等具有多糖结构的细菌组分反应(图1B)。
2.2 噬菌体阳性克隆鉴定 经过3 轮噬菌体线性肽库筛选,随机挑取板上49个噬菌体克隆,ELISA鉴定噬菌体克隆特异性并排除非特异吸板克隆。结果显示,其中16个克隆与抗PGN 单抗结合(图2,*标注)。序列分析表明(表1),No.39(GRWxHxVxW AGL)与课题组前期已验证有抗金黄色葡萄球菌感染的No.31噬菌体克隆(ATWxHxLxSAGL)具有共同序列WxHx……AGL[13],提示该克隆可能也模拟了PGN的抗原表位,因此本研究进一步分析No.39噬菌体克隆所展示序列的抗原性。
2.3 在线预测阳性序列GRWxHxVxWAGL
2.3.1 MHC结合表位分析 我们首先在线(www.syfpeithi.de)预测阳性序列GRWxHx VxWAGL与MHC的结合位点。结果显示,该序列与人MHCⅠ、Ⅱ分子有结合位点,与鼠MHCⅠ无结合位点,利用http://bio.dfci.harvard.edu/Tools/antigenic.p预测分析表明(表1),该序列中与MHC可能的结合位点为- WxHxVxW- ,上述结果提示,该序列可能与MHC结合并诱导免疫应答。
图1 抗PGN单抗鉴定Fig.1 Identification of anti- PGN mAbNote: A.Different coating effective of PGN;B.Identification of anti- PGN monoclonal antibody,*.P<0.05.
图2 噬菌体克隆与抗PGN 单抗的结合Fig.2 Binding of different phage clones to anti- PGN McAbNote: *.Positive phage clones.
表1 阳性序列与人或鼠MHC结合位点和分值的预测
Tab.1 Sites and score of positive sequence binding to MHC of mouse or humans
GRWxHxVxWAGLScoresH2-KdxHxVxWAGL16HLA-B*1510xHxVxWAGL21hLA-B*3801xHxVxWAGL19HLA-B*3901xHxVxWAGL21
Note:The higher score indicates the greater likelihood of combining MHC;bold indicates anchor amino acids,and underlines indicate Auxiliary anchored amino acids.
表2 短肽GRWxHxVxWAGL及延长序列的抗原性预测
Tab.2 Estimated antigenicity of GRWxHxVxWAGL and its extended sequence
SequencesFlexibleregionsAntigenicindexHydrophilicitySurfaceprobabilitySP3900.050.430.61SA+SP39+GG00.140.330.57SP39+AGGS0.06250.120.170.54SP39+ASGG0.06250.080.180.55SP39+AGSG0.06250.120.180.54
表3 短肽GRWxHxVxWAGL及延长序列的T细胞表位预测
Tab.3 Estimated T helper epitopes of GRWxHxVxWA GL and its extended sequence
SequencesTcellmotifMHCIC50(nmol/L)PISP390121.49.76SA+SP39+GG08.79.51SP39+AGGS0.25121.19.76SP39+ASGG0.25121.49.76SP39+AGSG0.25121.49.76
Note:IC50<50 nmol/L:high affinity to MHC;50 nmol/L
图3 线性肽SP39的抗原性鉴定Fig.3 Identification antigenicity of linear peptide SP39Note: A.Binding of biotin- labeled SP39 to anti- PGNMcAb and anti- S.aureus;B.The inhibition of PGN on the binding of anti- PGN McAb biotin- labeled SP39 mimics,*.P<0.05;**.P<0.01.
2.3.2 抗原性及T细胞表位分析 用抗原分析软件DNAstar和在线软件(http://www.darrenf lower.info/mhcpred/)预测序列的抗原性,指标包括:亲水性(hydrophilicity)、表面可及性(surface probability)、抗原指数(antigenic index),其值均大于0,且值越高其构成抗原表位可能性越好;柔韧性(flexible regions),其值越大越易与抗体结合;与MHC结合的 IC值越低,表明其与MHC亲和力越高,按此预测标准,GRWxHxVxWAGL为碱性序列(PI=9.76),在C端加上SAGG不同组合后,抗原指数有所提高并获得T细胞表位(表2、3加粗部分)。
2.4 体外鉴定线性肽的抗原性 上述抗原表位预测仅为理论推测,该序列是否能够模拟PGN的抗原表位还需进一步验证。体外实验结果显示,线性肽SP39能与抗PGN单抗及抗金黄色葡萄球菌多克隆抗体呈剂量依赖性结合(图3A),竞争抑制实验显示,不同浓度PGN能抑制SP39与抗PGN单抗结合,且呈良好剂量关系(Y=0.018 8x3- 0.225 8x2+ 0.921 6x-0.702 8,R2=0.985 3),最高抑制率在70%以上(图3B)。
PGN是金黄色葡萄球菌细胞壁的重要成分,是免疫防治的靶抗原,但由于属于TI抗原,不易诱导再次免疫应答和免疫记忆,因此至今未被作为疫苗候选靶点。我们的研究显示,经肽库筛选,能够获得模拟PGN表位的噬菌体克隆,阳性序列GRWxHxVxWAGL与前期获得的No.31序列(ATWxHxLxSAGL)[13]具有共同表位基序WxHx……AGL,该保守结构可能为PGN的模拟表位。
为获取合成模拟肽序列的最佳设计,减少无效或低效序列的合成,我们利用在线软件对GRWxHxVxWAGL序列及其加入不同的延长序列进行了生物信息学分析,包括抗原优势表位、MHC结合位点、IC值及T细胞识别表位等参数进行了预测。尽管在线预测不能取代生物学实验,但可有效增强序列设计的针对性、缩小实验规模、减少合成肽的种类与数量、节约时间与实验成本,是疫苗设计及抗原抗体相互作用研究的重要工具。在线软件www.syfpeithi.de和http://bio.dfci.harvard.edu/Tools/antigenic.pl 常用于预测MHC结合位点和可能的抗原序列,特别是CTL表位预测。近年来也常用于病毒、肿瘤等细胞表面MHC限制性T表位预测[14- 19]。T细胞可识别糖蛋白与糖肽中的两性离子糖基表位,显示出广谱TCR Vβ识别,而MHC能否对抗原处理则取决于糖肽或糖蛋白中氨基酸与糖基团连接的位置[20],PGN结构中也存在两性离子糖基结构,我们首先用上述两种软件进行了预测,结果表明,GRWxHxVxWAGL序列与人MHC分子有结合位点,与鼠MHCⅠ无结合位点,可能的抗原表位为- WxHxVxW- ;DNAstar预测软件常用于抗原鉴定、T细胞和B细胞表位筛选、鉴定和设计[21- 25],在线软件http://www.darrenflower.info/mhcpred/用于预测表位与MHC分子结合以及抗原结合位点亲和力大小,与其他抗原预测软件联合常应用于抗原表位设计和鉴定[26,27];好的抗原表位要求其亲水性(hydrophilicity)、表面可接近性(surface probability)、抗原指数(antigenic index)均大于0,值越高其构成抗原表位可能性越好,柔韧性(flexible regions)指数越大越易与抗体结合,与MHC结合的 IC值越低,表明其与MHC亲和力越高,构成T细胞表位的可能性越大,按此预测标准,GRWxHxVxWAGL序列为碱性,C端增加SAGG残基后具有Th表位;在上述预测基础上,我们综合各项指标,合成线性肽SP39(GRWxHxVxWAGLSAGG)。为便于检测,在合成肽N端交联生物素(Biotin),用抗体- 生物素肽- 亲和素或亲和素- 生物素肽- 抗体系统进行合成肽的抗原性鉴定。结果表明,SP39与抗PGN单抗和抗金黄色葡萄球菌多抗均能反应,与多抗结合优于单抗,但量效关系不明显;抑制实验表明,PGN能抑制生物素化合成肽SP39与抗PGN单抗的结合,呈显著量效关系;上述结果表明,SP39可能模拟了PGN的抗原表位,但是否具有体内生物学活性还需进一步鉴定。
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[收稿2017- 02- 21 修回2017- 03- 29]
(编辑 张晓舟)
Sequence analysis and antigenic identification of mimic epitopes of peptidoglycan
CHEN Yi- Guo,HOU Xiao- Rui,ZHU Ping,LIU Bei- Yi.
The Clinical Medical Laboratory of Peoples′ Hospital of Jiangxi Province,Nanchang 330008,China
Objective:To analysis the Mimotopes of the peptide mimics to PGN using online softwares.Methods: Mimotopes of PGN were screened from 12- mers linear phage display peptide library by using anti- PGN McAb and the antigenicity of selected clones was identified by ELISA.The B cell epitopes,T cell epitopes of ′GRWxHxVxWAGL′ were estimated by DNAstar and online softwares.Results: 16 phage clones that bound with anti- PGN McAb were screened from 12- mers linear phage display peptide library.Among these positive clones,phage clones No.39 shared the conserved sequence:WxHx……AGL found in previous clone No.31(ATWxHxLxSAGL),which provoked an effective protective immunity against infection with S.aureus.To enhance the stability of the conformation as well as adding biotin on the N- ter- minal as a tag,the sequences ′39′ were redesigned and synthesized by adding S(serine)A(alanine) and GG(glycine)on the C- terminal of origin sequence(named SP39).Next,we estimated or predicted antigenic epitopes,T cell epitopes and scores binding to MHC of these peptides by using DNASTAR and online softwares(http://bio.dfci.harvard.edu/Tools/antigenic.pl,www.syfpeithi.de,http://www.darrenflower.info/mhcpred),indicating that SP39 contains sites bound both mice and human MHC.The sequences ′WxHxVxW- ′ may be antigenic epitope as SP39,which contains a T cell epitope.Our results showed that both SP39 could bind to both anti- PGN McAb and a polyclonal antibody against S.aureus.Moreover PGN could inhibit the binding of SP39 to the anti- PGN McAb.These data indicated that SP39 mimic to epitopes on PGN.Conclusion: SP39(GRWxHxVxWAGLAGGS) probably display the mimotopes of PGN.
PGN;Peptide mimics;Phage peptide library;S.aureus
10.3969/j.issn.1000- 484X.2017.08.014
①本文受国家自然科学基金(No. 31270980) 和广东省医学科研基金(A2016533)资助。
陈益国(1976年- ),男,博士,副主任技师,主要从事抗感染免疫研究,E- mail: qjkr@sina.com。
及指导教师:刘北一(1969年-),女,博士,副教授,主要从事抗感染免疫和疫苗研究,E- mail: beiyi@smu.edu.cn。
R392.9
A
1000- 484X(2017)08- 1191- 06
②南方医科大学基础医学院免疫教研室,广州510515。