金少华
(浙江大学 古籍研究所, 杭州 310028)
《说文解字》“轚”篆考疑
金少华
(浙江大学 古籍研究所, 杭州 310028)
传本《说文解字》包含相当数量的后人增附字。从顾野王《玉篇》与王仁昫《刊谬补缺切韵》来看,二氏所见《说文解字》并未收录“轚”篆。而仅见于《毛诗》《周礼》及《谷梁传》三部经典的“轚”字原本皆当作“击(擊)”,传世版本或作“轚”,乃后起换旁字,也表明因训解“六艺群书之诂”而撰作的《说文解字》不收“轚”篆不足为奇。有些学者将“击”视为“轚”之假借字,其实是被传本《说文解字》所误导,不可遵从。
《说文解字》; 增附字; 《玉篇》; 《刊谬补缺切韵》; 经典
传本《说文解字》(以下简称《说文》)包含相当数量的后人增附字。许慎曾明确记录所撰《说文》540部收载的字数为“九千三百五十三文,重一千一百六十三”[1]319,经过千百年的辗转传写,脱讹增附在所难免,段玉裁《说文解字注》云:“今依大徐本所载字数核之,正文九千四百卅一,增多者七十八文;重文千二百七十九,增多者百一十六文。此由列代有沾注者,今难尽为识别,而亦时可裁伪,去太去甚。”[2]781即便不计脱略的篆文,大徐本《说文》的增附字已然接近200,故段玉裁删篆21字①,其余言当删而未删者亦复不少;王筠《说文释例》也专设“删篆”一目[3]329-336。不过前人未能确切剔除的《说文》增附字尚多,“轚”即其一例。
大徐本《说文·车部》:“轚,车辖相击也。从车、从毄,毄亦声。《周礼》曰‘舟舆击互者’。”[1]303历来学者对此字的形义多存疑问。
首先从文字结构看,“轚”篆形声兼会意,为“毄”之分别文。《说文·殳部》:“毄,相击中也。如车相击,故从殳、从。”[1]66但“毄”已从,即车轴头,而“轚”篆说解“车辖相击也”之“辖”为竖贯于车轴头的金属件(或称“键”),车辖相击即谓车相击[2]729,故“毄”下又增“车”而特制专字“轚”殊嫌叠床架屋,无甚必要。王筠《说文解字句读》卷六补正云“‘轚’字两车亦重复”[4]112,俞樾《儿笘录》卷一“毄”条以为“轚”字“复无理”[5]567,皆具卓识。
另外,“轚”篆说解所引《周礼》“舟舆击互者”,与传本《周礼·秋官·野庐氏》“凡道路之舟车轚互者,叙而行之”颇相出入,“击”字更与本篆字头不相应*《集韵》入声锡韵吉历切小韵“轚”字注云:“《说文》:车辖相击也,引《周礼》‘舟舆击互者’。”所据《说文》引《周礼》与大徐本完全相同。见丁度等编《宋刻集韵》,(北京)中华书局2005年版,第217页。。阮元《周礼校勘记》云:“《周礼》‘舟车’许(慎)引作‘舟舆’为异;‘击’当从《周礼》作‘轚’,许正引此经以证‘轚’字也。”[6]506马宗霍《说文解字引经考》云:“许引经证字,则‘击’当从《周礼》作‘轚’,方与本篆相合。击所以训轚,引经盖转写者涉注文‘(车辖相)击’字而误耳,小徐本不误,可证。”*马宗霍《说文解字引经考》,(北京)中华书局2013年版(以下不再标注版本),第734页。按马氏之说与钮树玉《说文解字校录》、王筠《说文系传校录》、陈瑑《说文引经考证》及田吴炤《说文二徐笺异》等皆相同,参见丁福保编纂《说文解字诂林》“轚”篆下相关各条,(北京)中华书局1988年版,第13882-13883页;又黄桂兰《〈集韵〉引〈说文〉考》也以为“大徐、《集韵》引‘轚’作‘击’,形讹也”,(台北)花木兰文化出版社2012年版,第591页。按小徐本《说文》引《周礼》作“轚”,合于《野庐氏》原文,且与本篆无殊,故大徐本引文“舟舆击互者”之“击”不免被视为讹字。这是大徐本《说文》的另一重疑问。
以上根据顾野王《玉篇》与王仁昫《刊谬补缺切韵》,基本可以确定“轚”字非许慎《说文》原本所收载,无怪乎传世版本特别是大徐本令人怀疑。
号称“五经无双”的许慎撰作《说文》的主要目的是训解“六艺群书之诂”(许冲《上〈说文解字〉表》),如果经典未用“轚”字,那么《说文》不收“轚”篆也就不足为奇。事实上,上文指出的仅见于《毛诗》《周礼》《谷梁传》三部经典之“轚”字皆存疑问。黄以周曾对昭公八年《谷梁传》及《诗·小雅·车攻》毛传两例详加考释,《礼书通故》卷四二《御礼通故》第十五条云:
实则《车攻》毛传与《谷梁传》所言“试御之法”,不过是说御者驱车入辕门时严禁车两轊头与门旁旃竿发生碰击。《车攻》毛传“间容握,驱而入,击则不得入”,孔颖达疏云:
其门之广狭,两轴头去旃竿之间各容一握。握人四指为四寸,是门广于轴八寸也……若驱之,其轴头击着门傍旃竿,则不得入也,所以罚不工也。[13]428
《谷梁传》“流旁握,御轚者不得入”,杨士勋疏云:
徐邈云:“流,至也。门之广狭足令车通,至车两轴去门之旁边一握。握,四寸也。轚者不得入,轚谓挂着,若车挂着门,则不使得入,以耻其御拙也。”观范(甯)之注,似与徐邈同。[13]2435
孔疏、徐说殊无差别,几可互换*孔疏“所以罚不工也”之“工”字阮元校刻本作“一”,阮氏《毛诗校勘记》云:“闽本、明监本、毛本‘一’误‘工’。”是以不误为误。见阮元编《清经解》第5册,(上海)上海书店1988年版(以下不再标注版本),第393页。日本杏雨书屋藏单疏本及足利学校藏十行本皆作“工”,参见孔颖达《南宋刊单疏本毛诗正义》,(北京)人民文学出版社2012年版,第178页;长泽规矩也编《毛诗注疏》第2卷,《足利学校秘籍丛刊》,(东京)汲古书院1973年版,第1105页。徐邈云“以耻其御拙也”,耻拙即罚不工,也可证孔疏作“一”为讹字,故上引已加校改。,可见《毛诗》与《谷梁传》两部经典但用“击”字亦已足矣,其早期版本当仅作“击”*“击(擊)”为“毄”之孳乳字,西汉前期“毄”与“击”并行不悖,而“击”已属常用字,参见张守中《张家山汉简文字编》,(北京)文物出版社2012年版,第87、319页;陈松长《马王堆简帛文字编》,(北京)文物出版社2001年版,第123、493页;骈宇骞《银雀山汉简文字编》,(北京)文物出版社2001年版,第106、380页。“轚”字尚未见于出土材料。。而汉以前的其他文献也表明“轚”不过是“击(擊)”的后起换旁字,汉人尚无用例,适足与经典相互参证。
对于传本《说文》“轚,车辖相击也”,孙诒让《周礼正义》尝引《战国策·齐策一》“主者循轶之途也,辖击摩车而相过”加以疏证,以为“‘辖击’即所谓‘轚’也”*孙诒让《周礼正义》,第3489页。按马宗霍《说文解字引经考》说同,见第734页。。按古籍中与“辖击”相类似者尚有“毂击”:
古者使车毂击,驰言相结,天下为一。(《战国策》卷三《秦策一》)[14]141
临淄之途,车毂击,人肩摩。(《战国策》卷八《齐策一》)[14]539
齐人甚好毂击相犯以为乐,禁之不止。(《晏子春秋》卷六《内篇杂下》)[15]372
云行于途,毂击于道。(《盐铁论》卷二《刺权第九》)[16]121
合从连衡,驰车毂击。(《汉书》卷六四《严安传》载严氏上书;《史记》卷一一二《主父偃列传》载此书倒言之曰“击毂”)[17]2811[18]3558
虽智者劳心于内,辩者毂击于外,犹不若未然之时也。(《汉书》卷九四《匈奴传》载扬雄上书)[17]3816
其例甚夥,不似“辖击”之罕见。段玉裁在“轚”篆下特意强调“诸书亦言车毂相击”[2]729,良有以也。
经典另一例《周礼·秋官·野庐氏》“舟车轚互者”,郑玄注“舟车轚互,谓于迫隘处也”不单独训释“轚”,则所见《周礼》本作“击”字的可能性更大。陆德明《经典释文》“轚互”条注云“音计,沈古的反”[12]133,沈重即据“击”字注音*张参《五经文字》卷下车部“轚”字注云:“工第反,又音击。‘[轚]互者’见《周礼》。”(《丛书集成初编》本,商务印书馆1936年版,第64页。注中“轚”字原脱,据文意补)可与《经典释文》相互参看。大徐本《说文》“轚”字注音为入声古历切,也与沈重音无异。小徐本为去声己惠反,则合于《释文》首音,与《玉篇》及《刊谬补缺切音》亦相同。见徐锴《说文解字系传》,(北京)中华书局1987年版,第274页。。贾公彦《周礼疏》云:“云‘轚互者’,谓水陆之道舟车往来狭隘之所更互相击,故云轚互者。”[13]884其实也依“击”字为说。阮元《周礼校勘记》援引《说文》“轚”篆疏释经文,又云“郑注当本作‘舟车击互’,犹许君(慎)云‘车辖相击也’,故贾疏释注云‘车互相击’”[6]506,足见高明。唯阮校补正又云“郑引经文不当改字”,尚拘泥于传世俗本也。
既然《毛诗》《周礼》《谷梁传》三部经典的“轚”字皆不大可能见于许慎之前的早期版本,那么因发挥“五经之道”而撰作的《说文》不收“轚”篆恰在情理之中。
今已考明“轚”实为“击(擊)”之后起换旁字,《说文》原本并未收录,则类似上揭黄以周《礼书通故》的观点皆有待商榷。如《说文》“毄”篆说解“如车相击”之“击”字,段玉裁校改为“轚”[2]119,朱骏声[20]540、范祥雍[14]543分别谓上引《战国策·秦策一》“使车毂击”、《齐策一》“车毂击”之“击”为“轚”的假借字,迷惑于传本《说文》,而与黄以周不分轩轾。
许慎《说文》古本眇焉悠邈,不可复见,传本羼杂的后人增附字确如段玉裁所言“难尽为识别”(见上引)。言有易而言无难,在缺乏版本铁证的情况下,《说文》增附字的剔除只能通过充分排比存世文献,加以细致合理的考辨,逐字逐部进行探究;而段玉裁、王筠以来《说文》学大家未获一睹的新出材料如原本《玉篇》残卷等,尤须特别重视。
《说文》增附字的甄别不仅有助于恢复许慎旧观,促进《说文》本身的研究,对文字学、经学等相关学科也不无裨益,应当引起学界的关注。
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An Enquiry into “轚” inShuowenJiezi
Jin Shaohua
(Research Institute for Ancient Books, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China)
ShuowenJiezi(Shuowenin short) by Xu Shen, a Confucian philologist of the Eastern Han Dynasty, is the first seal character dictionary in China, which systematically analyzed character patterns and examined the origin of characters. The original edition had 9,353 character entries, plus 1,163 graphic variants. As the dictionary was copied many times in hundreds of years, blend and omission were inevitable. Nearly 200 characters were blended in the edition revised by Xu Xuan in the early Song Dynasty. The character “轚” discussed in this paper is one of those blended characters. The identification and discrimination of the blended part — in this case in light of an enquiry into “轚” — cannot only restore Xu Shen’s original text and promote the research intoShuowenJiezi, but benefit philology, Confucianism and other relevant studies.
Gu Yewang of the Liang Dynasty compiled a Chinese character dictionaryYuPianbased onShuowenJiezi. The original edition had long been lost, and the extant edition was adapted during the Tang and Song Dynasties. According to the original edition ofStrayFragmentsofYuPiandiscovered in Japan in the late Qing Dynasty, each character entry was evidenced by quotations fromShuowenJiezi, but quotations for “轚” were from two Confucian classics,TheRitesofZhouandTheCommentaryofGuliang(GuliangZhuan). This indicates that Gu’s edition did not include “轚”.ZhuanliWanxiangMingyicompiled by the Japanese Buddhist scholar Kūkai (774-835), based on the original edition ofYuPian, can provide further evidences. Based on the manuscripts of the rime dictionaries of the Tang and Five Dynasties unearthed in the sutra caves in Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang,Qieyunby Lu Fayan in the Sui Dynasty did not include “轚”, while the character was supplemented in Wang Renxu’sKanmiuBuqueQieyun(CorrectedandSupplementedQieyun) merely based onTheCommentaryofGuliangannotated by Liu Zhao, but not onShuowenJiezi. This can corroborate Gu Yewang’sYuPian, and also prove that Xu Shen’s edition ofShuowenJiezidid not include “轚”. The character “轚” must have been later blended in the edition that survived.
Besides theTheRitesofZhouandTheCommentaryofGuliang, another Confucian classicMaoPoetryalso has a variant version that used “轚”, while its current version used “击”. However,TheCommentaryofGuliangused “轚” while its variant version used “击”. “击” was used in other literature before the Eastern Han Dynasty for the meaning of “轚” in the extant edition ofShuowenJiezi. This means that “击” (or “擊” in the traditional form) was used in the early version ofMaoPoetryandTheCommentaryofGuliang, but the character “轚” was used later in the extant version in the place of “擊” with a radical change. In fact, “轚” inTheCommentaryofGuliangandTheRitesofZhouhas been interpreted by scholars as “击”, the same as the “击” in the current version ofMaoPoetry. It can be concluded that “轚” that appeared only in the three Confucian classics was supplemented by later generations, but not the character which Xu Shen would have witnessed. Therefore, it’s not at all surprising that “轚” is not found inShuowenJiezi. Scholars have been misled by the extant edition ofShuowenJiezito take “击” in some literature as the borrowed character of “轚”.
ShuowenJiezi; blended characters;YuPian;KanmiuBuqueQieyun; Confucian classics
10.3785/j.issn.1008-942X.CN33-6000/C.2017.01.111
2017-01-11
[本刊网址·在线杂志] http://www.zjujournals.com/soc
[在线优先出版日期] 2017-07-31 [网络连续型出版物号] CN33-6000/C
金少华(http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2275-3869),男,浙江大学古籍研究所讲师,文学博士,主要从事敦煌学、经学、文选学研究。
主题栏目: 汉语史与汉字文化圈语言文字研究
①段氏又增篆24字,参见蒋冀骋《说文段注改篆评议》,(长沙)湖南教育出版社1993年版,第48页。蒋氏曾对段氏所删篆文逐一详加考辨,评骘是非。