李霜,刘保平,常伟,王瑞华,谢新立,程兵,韩星敏,阮翘
(郑州大学第一附属医院核医学科,河南郑州450052)
术前及术后Tg值变化及BRAFV600E突变在甲状腺乳头状癌近期预后的预测分析
李霜,刘保平,常伟,王瑞华,谢新立,程兵,韩星敏,阮翘
(郑州大学第一附属医院核医学科,河南郑州450052)
目的:探讨甲状腺乳头状癌患者术前及术后血清Tg值变化及BRAFV600E基因突变对131I近期疗效及患者预后影响的分析。方法:对78例甲状腺乳头状癌患者进行术前1周、术后1月及术后半年血清Tg、TG-Ab值测定,及监测术后病理有无BRAFV600E基因突变。近期疗效及预后以刺激状态下血清Tg值<2 ng/mL及颈部甲状腺多普勒超声检查以及放射性碘全身扫描结果阴性为预后较好的判断标准。结果:43例术后1月血清Tg值较术前1周内降低患者中131I治疗后半年复发阳性例数6例(13.9%);35例术后血清Tg值高于术前或与术前无明显变化患者中131I治疗后半年复发阳性例数24例(68.6%);两组差异有统计学差异(P<0.05)。53例BRAFV600E基因突变阳性患者中131I治疗后半年复发阳性例数28例(49.1%),25例BRAFV600E基因突变阴性患者中131I治疗后半年复发阳性例数4例(16.0%),两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。21例术后1月血清Tg值较术前1周内降低的患者,并且BRAFV600E基因突变阴性,131I治疗后半年复发阳性例数2例(9.5%);32例术后血清Tg值高于术前或与术前无明显变化的患者,并且BRAFV600E基因突变阳性,131I治疗后半年复发阳性例数23例(71.9%),两组差异有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论:甲状腺乳头状癌患者术后血清Tg值高于术前或与术前无明显变化患者及BRAFV600E突变阳性患者提示预后不良。
甲状腺肿瘤;癌,乳头状;甲状腺球蛋白;基因;突变
据文献统计,甲状腺癌占甲状腺恶性肿瘤95%以上[1],分化型甲状腺癌(DTC)包括乳头状癌(PTC)、滤泡状癌(FTC),约占甲状腺癌的80%~90%[2],尽管多数甲状腺乳头状癌预后较好,但仍有部分患者易复发和死亡[3]。影响甲状腺乳头状癌的预后因素包括患者年龄、性别、T分期、肿瘤大小、有无远处转移及手术方式等。在甲状腺切除术后并行131I清甲后的病人中,血清甲状腺球蛋白(Tg)是监测预后主要的血清学检查,尤其是在停用甲状腺素片或者是在人重组TSH刺激下的血清Tg监测更能反映患者的预后情况。而在目前的临床工作当中,也多以监测血清Tg水平来评价PTC病人的预后。然而,单纯检测血清Tg值来评估PTC病人的预后具有一定的局限性。近年来,诸多文献显示BRAFV600E基因突变与甲状腺乳头状癌的预后关系密切。本文旨在研究在甲状腺乳头状癌患者中术前及术后血清Tg值变化及有无BRAFV600E基因突变对131I近期疗效及患者预后的影响分析。
1.1 临床资料
收集我院影像与核医学病区2014年9月—2015年7月期间收治的经病理学证实为甲状腺乳头状癌患者78例,其中男30例,女48例,男女比例为1∶1.6;年龄15~45岁,中位年龄为37岁;有颈部淋巴结转移者57例,无颈部淋巴结转移者21例;纳入标准:根据TNM分期,此78例患者的T分期均为Ⅰ期;所有病人选择的治疗方案均为外科手术(甲状腺全切或次全切术)联合放射性131I治疗及促甲状腺素抑制疗法[4-5];血清TG-Ab在正常范围内。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 血清甲状腺指标检测
所有患者均于手术前1周内、手术后1月及术后半年分别行Tg的追踪监测,同时行甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGAB)测定,测定仪器为Cobase411全自动电化学发光分析仪,取静脉血清样本采用电化学发光分析方法测定血清Tg及TG-Ab。
1.2.2 BRAFV600E基因突变监测
所有患者均行术后病理BRAF基因突变检测,采用试剂盒提取DNA,采用实时荧光PCR及DNA测序方法监测BRAFV600E基因突变,采用的仪器为ABI Step one/ABI sepuence Analyzer。
1.2.3 放射性131I全身扫描
患者术后1月行治疗剂量131I清甲或清灶治疗后行131I全身+断层扫描;术后半年左右停服左旋甲状腺素片及影响甲状腺功能的药物和食物20天~1月,行诊断剂量131I全身+断层扫描,均采用Siemens Symbia T16 SPECT/CT仪,行前后位及后前位全身扫描,后加做颈、胸部断层融合显像。
术后131I治疗后的近期疗效及预后的判断标准为:术后半年左右停服左旋甲状腺素片及影响甲状腺功能的药物和食物20天~1月复查血清Tg值<2 ng/mL、颈部甲状多普勒超声检查阴性以及放射性碘全身扫描结果阴性,复查的任何一项结果阳性可归为复发或转移阳性组,复查结果均阴性归为复发或转移阴性组。
1.3 统计学处理
纳入分析的78例患者中,43例术后1月血清Tg值较术前1周内降低患者中131I治疗后半年复发阳性例数6例(13.9%);35例术后血清Tg值高于术前或与术前无明显变化患者中131I治疗后半年复发阳性例数24例(68.6%);两组差异有统计学差异(P<0.05)。见表1。
表1 术前及术后血清Tg值变化对甲状腺乳头状癌的近期预后分析
53例BRAFV600E基因突变阳性患者中131I治疗后半年复发阳性例数28例(49.1%),25例BRAFV600E基因突变阴性患者中131I治疗后半年复发阳性例数4例(16.0%),两组差异有统计学差异(P<0.05)。见表2。
表2 BRAFV600E基因突变对甲状腺乳头状癌的近期疗效及预后分析
21例术后1月血清Tg值较术前1周内降低的患者,并且BRAFV600E基因突变阴性,131I治疗后半年复发阳性例数2例(9.5%);32例术后血清Tg值高于术前或与术前无明显变化的患者,并且BRAFV600E基因突变阳性,131I治疗后半年复发阳性例数23例(71.9%),两组差异有统计学差异(P<0.05)。见表3。
表3 术前及术后血清Tg值变化合并BRAFV600E突变对甲状腺乳头状癌近期疗效及预后分析
综上所述,术后血清Tg值低于术前,提示患者术后经131I治疗后近期预后较术后Tg值升高患者近期预后效果较好(P<0.05);BRAF基因突变阳性患者131I治疗后近期预后较BRAF基因突变阴性患者近期预后较差(P<0.05);术后血清Tg值低于术前并且BRAF基因突变阴性患者近期预后较术后血清Tg值升高并且BRAF基因突变阳性患者近期预后较好(P<0.05)。
诸多文献表明性别、年龄、肿瘤大小、T分期、复发、远处转移和临床病理分期是影响分化型甲状腺癌预后的主要因素,其中T分期、治疗方式和临床病理分期为独立的预后因素。而本实验主要将术前及术后血清Tg值变化、BRAFV600E基因突等因素引入预后多因素回归分析,结果显示术前及术后血清Tg值变化、BRAFV600E基因突变是影响分化型甲状腺癌预后的独立因素(P<0.05)。见表4。
表4 78例甲状腺乳头状癌患者多因素COX模型回归分析
图1 女,56岁,术后Tg值较术前降低且BRAFV600E基因突变阴性,图1a,1b为PTC术后1月口服治疗剂量131I清甲治疗后行131I全身+断层扫描图像示:可见颈部甲状腺区放射性浓聚灶,图1a为全身像,图1b为断层图像;图1c,1d为PTC术后半年左右停服左旋甲状腺素片及影响甲状腺功能的药物和食物20天~1月,行诊断剂量131I全身+断层扫描图像示:甲状腺区及全身未见异常摄碘,图1c为全身像,图1d为断层图像。Figure 1.One female patient,fifty-six years old,had a reduced postoperative Tg value compared with one week before operation,and also had a negative BRAFV600E gene mutation.Figure 1a and 1b were whole-body131I SPECT images after orally intaking treatment dosage of131I one month after papillary thyroid carcinoma operation.Focal uptake was shown in the neck region(arrow),Figure 1a:Whole body image;Figure 1b:Tomography image.Figure 1c and 1d were diagnostic dosage131I images at about six months after operation and the levothyroxine or liothyronine replacement therapy was withdrawn at least 3 weeks ago.The images showed no131I uptake in the neck region,Figure 1c:Whole body image;Figure 1d:Tomography image.
Tg是甲状腺细胞的正常成分,主要存在于甲状腺滤泡细胞内不分泌或溢漏到血液,即使有少量溢出到外周循环,也不产生抗体。Tg是甲状腺滤泡上皮分泌的糖蛋白,是合成甲状腺激素的前体蛋白,被认为是分化型甲状腺癌的特异性肿瘤标志物[6],因此监测血清Tg值的水平变化,可以用以判断疾病预后和评价治疗效果[7]。在大样本多中心研究显示,Tg升高是甲状腺癌的主要危险因素,多年持续存在的高Tg水平,尤其是进行性增高可能是甲状腺结节转化为恶性的重要指征[8]。Ronga等[9]回顾性分析了334例DTC病人,于术后1月左右测定血清Tg值,并随后定期测定血清Tg值和全身放射性碘扫描。结果术后18月间共有79例患者发生转移,转移的患者中术后1月的血清Tg值明显高于没有转移的病人,因此术后血清Tg值可以作为肿瘤复发或残留的监测指标。单纯监测术后血清Tg值评价131I治疗效果和近期预后也有一定的局限性,因为血清Tg值会受到TGAB的限制而使Tg出现假阴性。因此,本实验排除TGAB阳性的患者,发现甲状腺乳头状癌术后血清Tg值高于术前或与术前无明显变化者常提示预后不良。任艳鑫等[10]也报道甲状腺癌术后Tg值均低于术前者,提示预后较好。
图2 女,47岁,术后Tg值高于术前且BRAFV600E基因突变阳性,图2a,2b为PTC术后1月口服治疗剂量131I清甲治疗后行131I全身+断层扫描图像示:可见颈部甲状腺区放射性浓聚灶,图2a为全身像,图2b为断层图像;图2c,2d为PTC术后半年左右停服左旋甲状腺素片及影响甲状腺功能的药物和食物20天~1月,行诊断剂量131I全身+断层扫描图像示:甲状腺区仍见放射性分布浓聚灶,图2c为全身像,图2d为断层图像。Figure 2.One female patient,forty-seven years old,had an increased post-operative Tg value with positive BRAFV600E gene mutation.Figure 2a and 2b were whole body131I SPECT images after-orally intaking treatment dosage of131I one month after papillary thyroid carcinoma operation.Focal uptake was shown in the neck region(arrow).Figure 2a:Whole body image;Figure 2b:Tomography image.Figure 2c and 2d were images after intaking diagnosis dosage of131I at about six months after operation and the levothyroxine or liothyronine replacement therapy was withdrawn at least 3 weeks ago.Focal131I uptake was still shown in the neck region,Figure 2c:Whole body image;Figure 2d:Tomography image.
B型RAF基因(BRAF)是RAF基因家族的成员,约95%的BRAF基因突变都发生在第15号外显子的1799位核苷酸上,导致编码蛋白质的第600位密码子对应的缬氨酸被谷氨酸替代(V600E),即BRAFV600E突变,其他位点的突变比较少见。BRAFV600E突变是PTC中最常见的一种基因突变形式。BRAFV600E突变引起丝裂原活化的蛋白激酶通路的激活和持续活化,导致细胞无限分裂和肿瘤生成。Xing[11]对PTC患者的大样本研究发现,BRAF突变阳性患者和阴性患者的甲状腺癌复发率分别为25%和9%,两者之间差异有统计学意义。该研究还发现,BRAF突变为阳性时,甲状腺癌的复发中碘摄取率降低的发生率较高。主要原因是该突变通过促进肿瘤浸润、转移和复发等,增加了PTC的侵袭性,而与初发肿瘤的大小无关。一项长达15年的随访调查研究显示,携带BRAFV600E突变的PTC患者死亡率显著高于无突变者[12],这是迄今仅有的一项BRAFV600E突变与PTC死亡率关系的研究。本研究也表明,BRAFV600E基因突变患者131I治疗近期疗效及预后不良。BRAFV600E突变造成PTC患者预后不良的主要原因是BRAFV600E基因突变与肿瘤的高侵袭程度相关[12-14],同时BRAFV600E基因突变可引起肿瘤细胞对放射性碘的摄取力降低,导致了放射性碘的疗效不令人满意[15]。
鉴于传统的肿瘤风险分层系统是基于临床病理特征(包括患者的年龄、性别、肿物的大小、甲状腺外的浸润、是否转移、肿瘤分期等),对甲状腺癌预后评估具有一定局限性,尤其对于那些按原有标准评估是低风险的患者。有研究甚至显示BRAFV600E突变对Ⅰ、Ⅱ期甲状腺乳头状癌患者复发的预见作用要比对包括所有甲状腺乳头状癌病人综合起来的预见作用更大。因此在传统的低风险甲状腺乳头状癌患者中,BRAFV600E突变对预后的预测作用不容忽视。
上述研究结果表明,监测血清Tg值手术前后的变化趋势及BRAFV600E突变与否作为一个独特的预后因素的加入将可能产生一个新的、更有效的风险分层系统。
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The short-term prognosis analysis of papillary thyroid carcinoma under the pre-and post-operation changes of serum thyroglobulin(Tg)and BRAFV600E gene mutation
LI Shuang,LIU Bao-ping,CHANG Wei,WANG Rui-hua,XIE Xin-li,CHENG Bing,HAN Xing-min,RUAN Qiao
(Department of Nuclear Medicine,the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou 450052,China)
Objective:To explore the short-term efficacy and prognosis analysis of131I papillary thyroid carcinoma patients under the pre-and post-operation changes of serum thyroglobulin(Tg)and BRAFV600E gene mutation.M ethods:Seventyeight patients of papillary thyroid carcinoma were enrolled to measure the Tg and TgAb value one week before and one month after operation.Meanwhile,the patients were monitored after operation to figure out whether there was BRAFV600E gene mutation.The standards for good short-term efficacy and prognosis include less than 2 ng/mL Tg under stimulated state and negative results of neck Doppler ultrasound and whole body radioactive iodine scanning.Results:Among the 43 patients with a reduced post-operative Tg value compared with one week before operation,there were 6 patients(13.9%)with recurrence after131I operation in half a year.Among the 35 patients with an increased or similar post-operative Tg value compared with pre-operation,there were 24 patients(68.6%)with recurrence after131I operation in half a year.There was significant difference between two groups(P<0.05).Among the 53 patients with positive BRAFV600E gene mutation,there were 28 patients(49.1%)with recurrence after131I operation in half a year.Among the 25 patients with negative BRAFV600E gene mutation,there were 4 patients(16.0%)with recurrence after131I operation in half a year.There was significant difference between two groups(P<0.05).Among the 21 patients with a reduced post-operative Tg value compared with one week before operation and with negative BRAFV600E gene mutation,there were 2 patients(9.5%)with recurrence after131I operation in half a year.A-mong the 32 patients with an increased or similar post-operative Tg value compared with pre-operation and positive BRAFV600E gene mutation,there were 23 patients(71.9%)with recurrence after131I operation in half a year.There was significant difference between two groups(P<0.05).Conclusion:The prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma seems poor with no decreased post-operative Tg value or positive BRAFV600E gene mutation.
Thyroid neoplasms;Carcinoma,papillary;Thyroglobulin;Genes;Mutation
R736.1;R730.261
A
1008-1062(2017)01-0015-04
2016-04-21;
2016-05-18
李霜(1989-),女,河南南阳人,在读硕士研究生。E-mail:284631445@qq.com
刘保平,郑州大学第一附属医院核医学科,450052。E-mail:liubp5000@sina.com