圣奥拉夫医院，特隆赫姆，挪威

建筑设计（按字母顺序排列）：Nordic建筑事务所，RATIO建筑师事务所

圣奥拉夫医院，特隆赫姆，挪威

建筑设计（按字母顺序排列）：Nordic建筑事务所，RATIO建筑师事务所

介绍

作为“圣奥拉夫团队”的成员，RATIO建筑师事务所和Nordic建筑事务所曾在1998-2013年期间负责挪威特隆赫姆圣奥拉夫医院的所有规划及发展工作，包括大学与医疗设施间的功能及医疗结构、后勤、形态发展与整合，及其在特隆赫姆城市结构内的贯彻执行。

项目背景与地理位置

所有门诊中心均环绕中央广场而建，拥有私属景观中心区，在一楼由步行桥相互连接供患者与工作人员使用，在地下由技术及服务管道相连。该附属医院坐落在特隆赫姆网格状的城市结构内，为各类诊所、大楼及设施中心的开发搭建了框架。

圣奥拉夫医院在施工期间就已全面运营。该项目在预算内提前完工，满足了客户对高品质的期望。

设计理念

整个项目的所有设计决策均以“以患者为中心”作为指导方针。建筑师制定了极其实用的功能规划，便于在交通空间与短距离内定位。除此之外，日光、艺术元素、明亮色彩和绿化区的广泛应用为病人的康复和学习营造了积极向上的氛围。单人病房经证实也对患者的痊愈和总体健康有帮助。

用户参与

建筑师、工程师、工作人员及用户共同组成了综合型跨学科团队，参与到该项目的各个阶段。圣奥拉夫医院作为先锋项目，从设计草图阶段至项目完工期间积极使用建筑信息模型，尊重参与者之间的开发过程和互动，工作人员及用户可以使用3D模型进行“虚拟漫步”，让他们在了解该项目的同时考察其实用性、空间及布置等方面。

IKT、BIM、精益管理、可视化

该项目采用了最新的计算机建筑信息模型技术，与加利福尼亚斯坦福大学以及斯图加特保时捷咨询公司一批顶尖的“精益”项目研究人员进行合作。“精益”过程主要着眼于提升整体“价值”，提高建筑质量，减少各个施工阶段的“浪费”，以便有效地运用资金与时间。

可持续性

圣奥拉夫医院的所有中心均遵照A级能效标准建造。在能源消耗、束缚能、室内空气质量、材料、灯光、清洁和维护等方面，该项目的每个阶段均展示了对环保的高追求。第二阶段的能源消耗比第一阶段（2000-2004年）减少了30%。所有材料从里到外都进行了全面的环境评估及生命周期评估。医院市中心的地理位置、良好的公共交通以及舒适的人行道和自行车道均对该项目的环境质量有显著影响。最后完工的信息中心是欧洲首座以被动式住宅标准建造的医院大楼。

无障碍性

包容性设计思维植入于该发展项目的各个方面。自2013年建成以来，新医院获得了广泛的国际赞誉，并因其新颖的设计获得了诸多奖项。（王单单 译）

1 总平面/Site plan

项目信息/Credits and Data

客户/Client: St. Olav's Hospital Helsebygg Midt-Norge

建筑类型/Building Type: 大学医院/University Hospital

主创建筑师/Principal Architects: Johannes Eggen, John Arne Bjerknes (Nordic-Office of Architecture); Arvid Ottar, Per Christian Brynildsen, Per Anders Borgen, Marianne Dale, Kari Anne Munthe-Kaas, Anne Lamer, Randi Mandt (RATIO architects AS)

项目建筑师/Project Architects: Johannes Schafer, Rannveig Landrø, Yann Brandvol, Kariuki Mukuria, Hanne Hemsen (Nordic - Office of Architecture); Solveig Strand, Terje Gundersen, June Haugen Welo, Katrine Skavlan, Eli Østby, Chiara Grifasi, Anette Svarliaunet, Dag Torbjørn Nerbø, Charlotte Skar, Lehong Yang (RATIO architects AS)

设计合作/Collaboration Partners: Asplan Viak landscape architects, COWI

面积/Area: 220,000m²

建设造价/Construction Cost: 12 billion NOK

项目时间/Project Period: 1998-2013

摄影/Photos: SYNLIG.NO (fig.2, 10), Matthias C. Herzog (fig.3, 7-9), Erik Børseth-SYNLIG.NO (fig.11,12), Nordic - Office of Architecture (fig.13), Espen Grønli (fig.14), Jiri Havran (15-22)

2 鸟瞰/Aerial view

3 知识中心外景/Exterior view of the Knowledge Centre

Introduction

RATIO architects and Nordic - Office of Architecture, as part of "Team St. Olav", were responsible for all aspects of the planning and development of St. Olav's Hospital in Trondheim, Norway from 1998-2013. This included functional and medical structure, logistics, formal development, integration between the university and the medical facilities, and the implementation within the city structure of Trondheim.

Background and Location

All clinical centres were built around a central square, each with its own landscaped central area, and all linked to each other both on the first floor with bridges for patients and staff, and below ground with technical and service culverts. The location of the university hospital within the grid based city structure of Trondheim formed the framework for the development of the various clinics, buildings and facility centres.

St. Olav's Hospital was fully operational throughout the construction period. The project was delivered within budget, with the expected high quality before the deadline.

Design Vision

"The Patient in Focus" has been the guideline for all design decisions throughout the project. In addition to creating a highly functional plan, with easy orientation in circulation spaces as well as short distances, the extensive use of daylight, art, bright colours and green areas provides a very positive environment for healthy recovery and learning. Single rooms in the ward have also proven to be effective for recovery and general well-being for the patient.

User Involvement

Architects and engineers have worked together with the staff and users as an integrated interdisciplinary team through all the phases of the project. St. Olav is a pioneering project with respect to developing processes and interaction between those involved, through active use of a BIM model from sketch level to finished construction. The staff and users were able to make "virtual walks" in the 3D-model, and getting to know the project while checking functionality, space, furnishing, etc.

IKT, BIM, LEAN, Visualisations

4.5 知识中心平面/Plans of the Knowledge Centre

6 知识中心剖面/Section of the Knowledge Centre

7.8 知识中心外景/Exterior views of the Knowledge Centre

9 知识中心外景/Exterior view of the Knowledge Centre

10-12 知识中心内景/Interior views of the Knowledge Centre

The project was developed using the latest computer based BIM technology, collaborating with cutting edge LEAN-researchers at Stanford University in California and Porsche Consulting in Stuttgart. The main focus in the LEAN-process was to increase the overall "value", enhance the built qualities, and reduce "waste" in all stages, thereby using both money and time effectively.

Sustainability

All centres at St. Olav's Hospital were built to comply with energy class A. The project had high environmental ambitions at all stages, both in terms of energy consumption, bound energy, indoor air quality, materials, lighting, cleaning and maintenance. Energy consumption in phase 2 was reduced by 30% from phase 1 (2000-2004). Full environmental and life cycle assessments were conducted of all materials inside and out. The hospital's central location in the city, good public transport connections and easy pedestrian and cycle links are also significant in relation to the project's environmental qualities. The final centre to be completed, the Knowledge Centre, was the first hospital building in Europe according to passive house standards.

Accessibility

Inclusive design thinking has been embedded in all aspects of the development project. The new hospital opened in 2013 and has since received international acclaim and won several awards for its innovative architecture.

评论

青锋：当现代主义先驱将建筑与机器相提并论时，忽视了一个事实，我们所能“生产”的最复杂的机器其实是人体。于是，一个现代主义理念反而将我们引回到文艺复兴艺术家对人体解剖的浓厚兴趣。这一背景对于今天医院设计者或许会有所帮助，因为没有什么机构比综合性医院更接近于人体，它有各种科室对应于器官，病人与医护人员对应于细胞级别的对抗，大量物流与信息对应于血液、淋巴以及神经网络。一个良好的医院应当像健康的人体一样运作。圣奥拉夫医院的设计者充分意识到了这一身体机器的复杂性，他们给予每个器官充分的领域与光线，流畅清晰的线路让细胞们避免了在昏暗中迷失。健康的环境应该成为医疗服务的起始条件。佘依爽：两个非常突出的特点，一是因为在设计流程中使用了BIM技术与LEAN（精益管理），费用和时间都大大节省。前后几期跨越15年的项目周期，时间对比中，技术的成长显而易见，项目的进程管理令人印象深刻。

13.14 急性心肺中心/Exterior views of AHL (Acute, Heart and Lung Centre)

另一个是我们差距最大的——城市与医院的关系，没有明显的界限，室内外空间的连通与交叉，医院融入到城市之中，能做到这一点不仅仅是建筑建造本身的共识，而是全体公民以及灵活的政府管理体制才能共同促成。

15.16 移动中心外景/Exterior views of the Movement Centre

17 妇幼中心外景/Exterior view of the Woman and Child Centre

18.19 妇幼中心内景/Interior views of the Woman and Child Centre

Comment

QING Feng: When the pioneers of modernism compared architectures to machines, they ignored the fact that the most complex machines we can produce are actually human bodies. Therefore, a modernist theory has brought us back to the Renaissance artists' strong interests in human anatomy. This background might be helpful to the hospital designers today, because there is no institution closer to a human body than a general hospital. It has various departments corresponding to organs, patients and medics corresponding to cell level confrontations, massive interflow and information corresponding to blood, lymph and neural network. A good hospital should function like a healthy human body. The designers of St. Olav's Hospital are fully aware of the complexity of this body machine. They gave each organ enough field and light. The smooth and clear routes allow cells to avoid getting lost in the dark. A healthy environment should be the starting condition for medical services. (Translated by CHEN Yuxiao)

SHE Yishuang: This project has two very prominent features. First, because of the use of BIM technology and LEAN during the design process, the cost and time are greatly saved. Since the time span of the whole project is over 15 years, the growth of technology is obvious between the old and new phases, in which the improvement of project management level is impressive.

The other is the harmonious relationship between the city and the hospital, which is also the common weakness in hospital design. With no obvious boundaries, the hospital dissolves in the city, and the line between indoor and outdoor spaces is blurred. I consider it is more than just the achievement of building construction. Its completion cannot be realised without the commitment of all citizens and flexibility of the government management system. (Translated by QI Yiyi)

St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway, 2013

Architects (in alphabetical order): Nordic - Office of Architecture, RATIO architects AS

20 实验中心外景/Exterior view of the Laboratory Centre

21.22 实验中心内景/Interior views of the Laboratory Centre