谈被动语态几个限制情形的用法

杨胜平

【关键词】 语态、主动、被动、限制情形

【中图分类号】 G633.41 【文献标识码】 C

【文章编号】 1004—0463（2017）11—0109—01

语态是动词的一种形式，它旨在用来阐述主语和谓语之间的关系。语态分为主动语态和被动语态两种。正确使用被动语态，了解主动句和被动句的转换是关键所在。主动语态之所以能转换成被动语态，是因为它的动词是一个及物动词，或者说是一个有宾语的动词。但是，不是所有及物动词的被动语态都是由主动语态转换而来的，有些带宾语的主动语态句子不能转换成被动语态句子，它们是受限制的。

一、某些表示状态的及物动词，作谓语时被动语态受到限制

被动语态分为行为被动语态（The Actional Passive）和状态被动语态（The Stative Passive）。行为被动语态表示主语的性质或动作完成后主语所处的状态。下列动词have、own、possess、suffice、cost、lack、fit、suit、resemble、fail、hold等作谓语时，通常表示状态，在意义上不能变为被动句。

例如， Mary resembles her mother.

误：Mary is resembled her mother.

上述这类动词语言学家夸克称之为表示“being”和“having”的表态类动词。 但是表示意愿的静态动词可以用于被动语态，试比较：

The police want him. 警察通缉他。

正：He is wanted by the police.

Michael Swan认为这类表示静态的动词通常没有进行时形式。这些及物动词在意义上无法用被动语态。

二、当及物动词的宾语是动词不定式时，通常不宜用被动结构

例如， John hoped to meet her.

误：To meet her was hoped.

少数以不定式作宾语的动词，如，agree，feel，desire，decide，think等可以变成被动句，但不能以不定式直接作被动句的主语，而要借助于it作形式主语，然后将不定式放在谓语动词之后。

例如，Miss Black has decided to go to New York.

It has been decided （by her）to go New York.

三、当及物动词的宾语为动名词时，被动语态受到限制，无法进行主动语态和被动语态的转换

例如，President of the U.S.A admitted having done wrong.

误：Having done wrong was admitted by him.

夸克把“动词+ing”称为分词作宾语。章振邦认为-ing分词包括传统语所指的“现在分词”和“动名词”两种结构。

四、当及物动词的宾语是反身代词或相互代词时，被动语态受到限制

例如， Hob busied himself preparing his lessons.

误：Himself was busied preparing his lessons.

在有相互代词的句子中，如果相互代词折开使用的话，就可以用被动语态。

例如，We could hardly see each other in the fog.

误：Each other could hardly be seen in the fog.

正：Each could hardly be seen by the other the fog.

五、当及物动词的宾语是同源宾语，一般不可以变被动句

例如， The soldier died a glorious death.

误：A glorious death was died by him.

同源宾语完全重复动词的意义，所以无法使用被动语态。间或某些带有同源宾语的动词可以变为被动语态。

例如，They once fought a great battle here.

正：A great battle was once fought here.

六、某些動词+名词构成的短语是一个不可分割的整体，不能将名词部分变为被动句的主语

例如， Great changes have taken place in China since l980.

误：Place has been taken in China since l980.

七、当宾语表示数量、重量、长度、大小、程度等，在意义上相当于状语时不能变成被动句

例如，The hare ran five miles or so.

误：Five miles or so were run by the hare.

八、当宾语表示地点，处所（包括国家、组织、军队、团体等），在意义上相当于状语时，一般不能变为被动句

例如，My brother has left Lanzhou for Beijing.

误：Lanzhou has been left by my brother for Beijing.

九、当及物动词的宾语表示行为、方式，在意义上，不能变被动句

例如，He did his best.

误：His best was done by him.

十、当及物动词的宾语是主语身体的某一部分或感官时，不宜变为被动语态进行主动语态和被动语态的转换

例如， The professor Shook his head When he saw the students had done Wrong.

误：The professors head was shaken by himself when he saw the students have done wrong.

十一、当及物动词的宾语是无实际意义的it时不能变被动句，转换是受制的

例如，We will battle it out.

误：It will be battled out by us.

十二、少数抽象名词。在一定的情况下作宾语时，也是无法变被动语态的

例如，Edison showed his special interest in science.

误：His special interest was shown in science.

总之，被动语态是受限制的。主动句由于动词的性质（某些状语的动词）、宾语的性质（反身代词或相互代词等）以及某些含义上不可拆开的固定词组，它们没有相对应的被动句。编辑：马德佳