李春风,潘 平,纪 元,王海涛,孙兆男,幕转转,王丽君
(大连医科大学附属第一医院 放射科,辽宁 大连116011)
46例甲状腺微小乳头状癌的CT征象分析
李春风,潘 平,纪 元,王海涛,孙兆男,幕转转,王丽君
(大连医科大学附属第一医院 放射科,辽宁 大连116011)
目的 探讨甲状腺微小乳头状癌的CT征象,提高对CT诊断的认识。方法 对46例CT平扫和(或)双期增强扫描可见显示,且经手术病理证实的55个甲状腺微小乳头状癌病灶的CT表现进行回顾性分析,总结其CT表现特点。 结果 (1)46例共55个癌灶:其中38例单发癌灶,7例双侧发生,1例单侧双发。(2)38个癌灶边缘模糊,9个侵犯甲状腺被膜,2个侵犯前方肌肉。(3)16个癌灶内见钙化灶,13个有微钙化。(4)9个癌灶CT平扫未见显示。(5)增强扫描后38个癌灶明显强化,37个低于正常甲状腺组织,18个中央见结节样强化,周围密度略低。32个病灶增强后显示病灶小于平扫。(6)21例伴颈部淋巴结转移。结论 甲状腺微小癌的CT表现具有一定的特征:平扫病灶边缘模糊,易侵犯甲状腺被膜,多伴有微钙化,增强扫描强化明显,但低于邻近正常甲状腺组织,可能出现中央明显强化结节,增强后病灶范围多小于平扫低密度范围,且可能多发小癌灶并存,常常伴发下颈部淋巴结转移,这些特征有助于甲状腺微小癌的诊断和鉴别诊断。
甲状腺癌;微小乳头状癌;淋巴结转移;X线计算机体层摄影术
甲状腺微小乳头状癌(papillary thyroid microcarcinomas, PTMC)定义为肿瘤直径≤1.0 cm的甲状腺乳头状癌。临床上多数PTMC可长期处于亚临床状态。因体积小,无特殊症状,过去常因其他良性甲状腺疾病手术治疗或出现淋巴结转移而被发现。近年来,由于人们健康意识的增加,影像检查技术的快速发展并普遍应用,使得PTMC的检出率明显增加,超声检查因其简便、快捷、无创、敏感而成为甲状腺疾病首选检查方法[1-4]。随着CT技术的不断进步,对于≤1.0 cm甲状腺结节特性的显示能力显著提高。本文对46例(55个癌灶)经手术病理证实的PTMC的CT征象进行回顾性分析,以提高对PTMC的CT征象的认识,减少漏诊误诊。
1.1 临床资料
收集2011年7月至2016年3月在大连医科大学附属第一医院行CT平扫和增强检查且经手术切除并获得病理组织学证实的直径在1.0 cm以下的PTMC患者的临床资料。纳入标准:CT平扫和(或)双期增强显示病灶;无甲状腺手术史。共46例患者纳入分析,男12例,女34例,年龄(42.28±13.16)岁。
1.2 方 法
采用GE discovery HD750CT扫描,患者取仰卧位,颈部尽量仰伸,扫描范围从鼻咽部至主动脉弓上。选择GSI颈部扫描方案,层厚2.5 mm,重建层厚0.625 mm,管电压80~140 kV,管电流600 mA,机架旋转速度0.5 s/转。对比剂为60 mL,高压注射器经肘部静脉团注,注射流率3~4 mL/s,动脉期25 s扫描,静脉期60~70 s进行扫描。图像分析与测量均在AW4.5工作站(GE Healthcare,USA)上进行,包括主观评价和客观测量,分别测量平扫及增强后动脉期和静脉期病灶CT值。由两名主治医师或主治医师以上放射科医生采用盲法阅片,意见不一致时共同复阅决定。本研究符合大连医科大学附属第一医院制定的伦理学标准并得到该委员会的批准。
对46例患者的CT表现进行纪录分析,包括病灶显示扫描序列(平扫和/或增强),病灶数量、侧别、密度、钙化、边缘情况,淋巴结情况,增强扫描密度、大小,总结归纳其征象特点。
46例PTMC患者共55个癌灶,其中38例为单发,8例(17.4%)多发,1例单侧2个癌灶, 6例为双侧、每侧1个癌灶,1例双侧3个癌灶(图1A、B)。病灶直径2~10 mm,平均6.7 mm,其中≥5 mm 45个癌灶,<5 mm 10个。 25例(54.35%)甲状腺PTMC合并结节性甲状腺肿,其中1例结甲合并桥本甲状腺炎。3例患者合并桥本甲状腺炎。
图1 女,41岁,双侧甲状腺可见强化程度低于邻近甲状腺的微小结节(3个),右侧颈部Ⅳ区可见小淋巴结(箭头),病理证实为淋巴结转移性甲状腺癌Fig 1 Female, 41 years old. Three micronodules were seen in bilateral thyroid glands. They were slightly enhanced with density lower than adjacent thyroid gland. A small lymph node (arrow) was visible on the right side of the neck Ⅳ area and was confirmed metastatic thyroid cancer by pathology
图2 女,34岁,CT增强图像(A)显示右侧甲状腺近似椭圆形结节,呈略低密度,镜下(B)富肿瘤细胞成分与间质纤维化混杂存在,局部可见侵入实质内肿瘤结节。CT显示肿瘤向前突破甲状腺包膜,与前方肌肉界限不清,病理证实肿瘤侵犯甲状腺包膜及前方肌肉Fig 2 Female, 34 years old. The CECT image (A) showed an approximately elliptic nodule in the right thyroid gland. It had slightly low density. (B) Histologically, the nodule was composed of rich carcinoma cells admixed with interstitial fibrosis. The tumor focally invaded into surrounding non-neoplastic tissue. CT image showed that the tumor broke through the anterior thyroid capsule, and the margin with adjacent muscle was obscured. The tumor invasion of thyroid capsule and anterior muscle was confirmed by pathology
55个癌灶中38个病灶边缘模糊、不锐利(69.09%),9个明确侵犯邻近甲状腺被膜,2个侵犯前方肌肉(图2A、B)。
16个癌灶内有钙化(29.09%),其中13个为砂砾状微钙化灶(钙化≤2 mm)(图3),2个同时有大结节状钙化和微钙化,3个仅见不规则大结节状钙化。
图3 女,24岁,CT平扫可见右侧甲状腺后部略低密度结节,其内部可见多发砂砾样微小钙化点(箭头)Fig 3 Female, 24 years old. The NECT image showed a slightly low density nodule in the right thyroid gland with multiple gravel-like tiny calcifications in it (arrow)
CT平扫显示46个癌灶(83.6%),密度均匀或较均匀的略低密度,未见明显出血和坏死囊变区,9个平扫未见显示,其中3个合并结甲。9个CT平扫未显示的癌灶中2个仅在动脉期显示,1个仅在静脉期显示,另6个病灶在动脉期、静脉期均见显示(图4A、B、C)。增强后38个病灶有明显强化(强化幅度>40 HU,CT值:75~161 HU),1例动脉期高于邻近甲状腺组织。32个病灶增强后显示病灶范围小于平扫。21个结节强化不均匀,其中18个(32.73%)可见中央结节样强化,周围密度略低(图5A、B)。
图4 男,56岁,CT平扫(A)未见明确异常;动脉期(B)右侧甲状腺外侧可见直径约0.5 cm异常强化结节,边缘模糊;静脉期(C)中心略明显结节强化,周围密度略低Fig 4 Male, 56 years old. The NECT image (A) was unremarkable. An abnormally enhanced nodule was seen in the lateral part of right thyroid gland with a diameter around 0.5cm in the CECT arterial phase image(B). The margin was unclear. A more enhanced nodule was seen in the center compared to the surrounding low density part in the CECT venous phase image(C)
图5 女,36岁,CT动脉期(A)右侧甲状腺后部可见直径约0.65 cm异常强化结节,中心可见明显结节强化,周围密度略低;镜下(B)显示肿瘤中心呈具有纤维血管轴心的真乳头结构,周围间质纤维化改变,肿瘤内散在砂砾样钙化Fig 5 Female, 36 years old. The CECT arterial phase image (A) showed an abnormally enhanced nodule with a diameter around 0.65 cm in the posterior part of right thyroid gland. A more enhanced nodule was seen in the center compared to the surrounding low density part. The microscopic image (B) showed a tumor composed of true papillary structure with a central fibrovascular core and surrounded by interstitial fibrosis. There were scattered gravel-like microcalcifications in the tumor
46例PTMC中有21例伴颈部淋巴结转移(45.65%),转移淋巴结集中分布在中央区(Ⅵ)和颈静脉链下组(Ⅳ区)。尤其是下颈部甲状腺、气管周围淋巴结,有1例表现为颈静脉链中、下组转移(Ⅲ区、Ⅳ区),还有1例多发微小癌表现为颈静脉链上、中、下组(Ⅱ-Ⅳ区)及中央区(Ⅵ区)、颈后三角区(Ⅴ区)淋巴结转移。17例淋巴结呈均匀明显强化,4例呈环状强化。病理证实均为淋巴结转移性甲状腺癌。
甲状腺微小癌是不超过1 cm的甲状腺肿瘤,是生长缓慢的隐匿性肿瘤。依调查人群的不同,乳头状甲状腺微小癌的发病率为24%~36%不等。乳头状癌是其最常见的病理类型,常是在体检或切除甲状腺良性结节时偶然发现。甲状腺微小癌与常见的甲状腺良性结节的鉴别具有十分重要的临床价值。随着CT扫描技术的不断进步,对于≤1.0 cm甲状腺结节特性的显示能力显著提高,但国内外对甲状腺微小癌CT特征的报告不多[5-7]。
3.1 肿瘤的数目
国内报告乳头状甲状腺微小癌中多发病灶为5%~6%[5,8]。亦有报道为37.8%[9],本组病例中8例(17.4%)多发病灶,低于大宗统计报道,考虑与本组研究对象为CT检查,而临床对PMTC的患者多选择超声检查有关。因此多发结节并非提示为良性病变,在多发甲状腺结节时需要认真观察每个结节特点,以免遗漏恶性病灶。且大宗病例研究显示多发甲状腺癌病灶相对于单发病灶更倾向于合并颈部淋巴结转移[9]。
3.2 肿瘤的边缘与浸润
据文献报告,1~2 cm大小的甲状腺癌多位于甲状腺的浅表部位,容易侵犯甲状腺被膜[8]。因甲状腺本身较小,虽本组研究的肿瘤直径均在1.0 cm以下,仍有16.4%(9/55)侵犯被膜且出现2个侵犯前方肌肉。本组病例显示肿瘤本身包膜不完整、边缘模糊者占69.09%,病理上对应表现为甲状腺癌包膜区纤维化显著,常伴有癌结节浸润,部分甲状腺癌结节没有包膜呈富肿瘤细胞与纤维化夹杂弥漫分布(图2B),血管相对较少,故而CT增强扫描强化程度略弱,且结节边缘模糊。而结节性甲状腺肿的结节与周围甲状腺实质间有纤维分隔, 瘤体呈膨胀性生长,故边界较清,呈相应的圆形或椭圆形,在增强 CT 上表现为界限清晰,可用于二者的鉴别[10]。因此,注重观察CT图像上肿瘤与甲状腺被膜的关系及对周围结构有无侵犯,这有助于PTMC的诊断与鉴别,且决定肿瘤的分期和治疗方法的选择。
3.3 肿瘤的钙化
甲状腺的钙化灶按形态分为微钙化、粗大钙化和边缘蛋壳状钙化3种,其中微钙化(≤2 mm)的特异性最高,对诊断乳头状甲状腺癌的特异性为95%,代表病理上的砂砾体。粗大钙化可同时见于良性和恶性病变,而孤立性甲状腺结节的粗大钙化亦高度提示恶性病变,特别是在年轻人中,本组见到2例。蛋壳样钙化少见,一般见于良性病变[3]。CT对于显示钙化高度敏感,文献报告CT显示甲状腺微小癌、甲状腺小癌的钙化率为30%~71.4%[5,8],在本组病例中肿瘤的钙化占29.09%,其中81.25%为微钙化,粗大钙化占31.25%。而超声探测微钙化的比率远远高于CT,且特异性较高,超声仍然是PTMC首选检查方法。
3.4 肿瘤的密度与增强表现
病理上甲状腺微小癌表现为位于甲状腺被膜下质硬的白色或褐色结节,结节本身可有或无包膜,有的似纤维瘢痕。肿瘤可向周围甲状腺浸润,质硬。其中乳头状甲状腺癌病理上几乎均为实质结构[1],CT上表现为密度均匀或较均匀的稍低密度结节,未见明显出血和坏死囊变区,CT增强扫描有明显强化[5]。俞炎平等[8]报告42个1~2 cm小甲状腺癌中3个可见中央明显强化、边缘环形低密度影,称之为镶嵌征。本文55个病灶中有18个(32.73%)出现了“镶嵌征”的表现。分析中央结节强化的病理基础为乳头状癌的瘤组织为具有纤维血管轴心的真乳头(图5B),增强扫描明显强化,而周围主要为纤维间质反应有关。此外,本组病例中有部分甲状腺微小癌灶(占本组肿瘤的16.7%)仅在增强扫描中才能显示,而在CT平扫等密度,其中个别病灶分别仅见于增强扫描的动脉期或静脉期,推测与肿瘤的结构与血供相关。对于CT平扫未见显示的病灶,动脉期与静脉期的结合将有利于一部分病灶的检出。有学者统计高达66.2%的PMTC合并结甲[9],本组有25例(54.35%)甲状腺PTMC合并结节性甲状腺肿, 3例患者单纯合并桥本甲状腺炎,本底甲状腺密度的改变一定程度上干扰了PMTC的显示。
3.5 淋巴结转移
淋巴结是甲状腺癌最主要的转移途径。一般认为乳头状甲状腺微小癌具有惰性的生物学行为,但淋巴结转移率约为20%~46%[9,11-13]。大多数学者认为肿瘤>5 mm是淋巴结转移独立危险因素,亦有学者以6 mm为界。本文病例中甲状腺微小癌合并颈部淋巴结转移者占45.65%(21/46),其中多发癌灶者占28.57%(6/21)。有研究表明多发病灶、肿瘤>5 mm和甲状腺被膜浸润与颈部淋巴结转移的关系密切,三者是甲状腺微小癌发生淋巴结转移独立的危险因素[9,11,14]。CT检查对于显示颈部淋巴结具有独特优势[3,6],尤其颈深部淋巴结,因此在发现甲状腺病灶的同时应注意对颈部淋巴结的观察,尤其是下颈部甲状腺周围淋巴结,特别是对于多发病灶、病灶>5 mm和甲状腺被膜受侵者。
虽然甲状腺微小癌的病灶较小,但在薄层CT上具有一定的特征,如:边缘模糊的实性结节、钙化(尤其是微钙化)、强化明显(仍低于邻近甲状腺组织),增强后显示病灶范围减小、中心结节状强化及周边密度较低、包膜侵犯、可能出现多发病灶及淋巴结转移,以上一种或多种征象相结合提示甲状腺微小癌的诊断。此外,应注意CT平扫与增强双期扫描相结合进行全面观察,才能减少病灶遗漏。
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CT analysis of 46 cases of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma
LI Chunfeng, PAN Ping, JI Yuan, WANG Haitao, SUN Zhaonan, MU Zhuanzhuan, WANG Lijun
(DepartmentofRadiology,theFirstAffiliatedHospitalofDalianMedicalUniversity,Dalian116011,China)
Objective To investigate the manifestations on CT images of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC), and improve the diagnostic level of CT on PTMC. Methods Totally 46 patients, who had CT scan and pathologically proven PTMC, were retrospectively analyzed. All cases were shown to have cancer on non-enhanced (NECT) and/ or contrast enhanced CT (CECT) images. Results (1) 55 foci of carcinoma in 46 cases: single focus in 38 cases, bilateral foci in 7 cases, and unilateral multiple foci in 1 case. (2) 38 foci had blurred margin and two had anterior muscle invasion. (3) Calcification was seen in 16 foci, micro-calcification in 13 foci. (4) 9 foci were not seen in NECT. (5) 38 foci showed marked enhancement on CECT. 37 foci had lower density compare to thyroid gland. 18 foci were enhanced with nodular enhancement in the center and low density area in periphery. 32 foci were smaller on CECT than on NECT (6) Cervical lymph nodes metastasis was found in 21 cases. Conclusion PTMCs have certain features on CT, which may be helpful in the diagnosis and differentiation of PTMC. The margin of lesions on NECT is blurred. The capsule of thyroid gland is easily to be infiltrated. Micro-calcification is commonly seen in PTMC. Most foci are strongly enhanced on CECT, but the density is lower than normal thyroid gland. Strongly enhanced nodules in the center may be seen. The PTMCs are usually looked like smaller on CECT than on NECT. Multifocality and lymph node metastasis of lower neck are very common.
thyroid carcinoma;papillary microcarcinoma;lymphatic metastasis;X-ray computed tomography
李春风(1968-),男,主治医师。E-mail:lichunfeng696@163.com
王丽君,主任医师。E-mail:wanglj345@163.com
10.11724/jdmu.2017.03.08
R581;R736.1;R814.42
A
1671-7295(2017)03-0242-05
李春风,潘平,纪元,等.46例甲状腺微小乳头状癌的CT征象分析[J].大连医科大学学报,2017,39(3):242-246.
2017-02-06;
2017-05-14)