牛 旺,史铁梅,张原溪,宗 璨,周 铮,刘 晨
(中国医科大学附属盛京医院超声科,辽宁 沈阳 110004)
不同超声检查对直肠乙状结肠深部浸润型子宫内膜异位症诊断价值的Meta分析
牛 旺,史铁梅*,张原溪,宗 璨,周 铮,刘 晨
(中国医科大学附属盛京医院超声科,辽宁 沈阳 110004)
目的 采用Meta分析评价经阴道增强超声(E-TVS)、经阴道超声(TVS)、经直肠超声(TRS)对直肠乙状结肠深部浸润型子宫内膜异位症的诊断价值。方法 检索1990年1月—2016年6月关于E-TVS、TVS、TRS诊断直肠乙状结肠深部浸润型子宫内膜异位症(DIE)的中英文文献,提取纳入研究的信息,采用Meta-disc 1.4软件对研究数据进行统计学分析。结果 共纳入25篇英文文献。E-TVS的敏感度、特异度、阳性似然比、阴性似然比、诊断性比值比分别为0.92、0.96、16.64、0.09、227.95;TVS为0.83、0.97、16.95、0.17、112.97;TRS为0.94、0.96、14.43、0.08、208.72。3组SROC曲线下面积分别为0.980 4、0.966 3、0.979 0。结论 3种超声检查方法对直肠乙状结肠DIE的诊断价值由高至低依次为E-TVS、TRS、TVS。E-TVS可作为超声诊断直肠乙状结肠DIE的首选方法。
子宫内膜异位症;直肠;结肠,乙状;超声检查,经阴道;超声检查,经直肠;Meta分析
深部浸润型子宫内膜异位症(deep infiltration endometriosis, DIE)是子宫内膜异位症的一种特殊类型,是指任何子宫内膜异位症病灶在腹膜下浸润深度超过5 mm。DIE累及部位按发病率依次为宫骶韧带、直肠乙状结肠、阴道、膀胱,其中直肠乙状结肠发病率为4%~37%,是除生殖系统外发病率最高部位[1]。目前不同超声检查方法对其诊断价值并无一致结论。
图1 25篇纳入研究的文献质量评价(QUADAS-2)
本研究旨在采用Meta分析方法评价经阴道增强超声(enhanced transvaginal ultrasound, E-TVS)、经阴道超声(transvaginal ultrasound, TVS)、经直肠超声(transrectal ultrasound, TRS)对直肠乙状结肠DIE的诊断价值。
1.1 文献检索 检索中文数据库CNKI、万方和维普数据库,英文数据库Pubmed、EMBASE和Cochrane library,文献发表时间为1990年1月—2016年6月。中文检索词为:子宫内膜异位症、深部浸润型子宫内膜异位症、深部内异症、直肠、乙状结肠、肠道、超声、经阴道超声、经直肠超声;英文检索词为endometriosis、infiltration、infiltrating、transvaginal、transrectal、ultrasound、sonography、bowel、intestine、intestinal、rectosigmoid、rectal、endorectal、colonsigmoideum。
1.2 纳入标准 ①研究对象:可疑DIE患者;②研究设计:前瞻性研究;③检查方式:E-TVS、TVS、TRS;④金标准:腹腔镜或切除标本经组织病理学检查确诊为直肠乙状结肠DIE;⑤可直接或间接获得四格表数据;⑥语种:中文、英文;⑦样本含量≥15例。
1.3 排除标准 ①研究设计:回顾性研究;②无腹腔镜或组织病理学检查结果;③无法获得四格表数据;④语种:非中文、英文;⑤样本含量<15例;⑥综述、个案报道、会议论文、经验交流、文摘;⑦动物实验等基础研究;⑧重复发表的文献。
1.4 质量评价 采用诊断试验准确性质量评价工具-2(quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies 2, QUADAS-2),从病例选择、待评价试验、金标准、病例流程和进展情况对文献的偏倚风险和临床适用性进行评价。
1.5 文献筛选及质量评价 由2名研究者独立完成后汇总,有争议时协商,必要时与第3名专家协商。
1.6 统计学分析 提取并汇总各文献四格表数据,采用Meta-disc 1.4软件进行异质性分析:计算敏感度(sensitivity, Se)对数与[1-特异度(specificity, Sp)]对数的Spearman相关系数检测阈值效应引起的异质性;采用Q检验、χ2检验及I2检验检测非阈值效应引起的异质性。采用随机效应模型合并Se、Sp、阳性似然比(positive likelihood ratio, LR+)、阴性似然比(negative likelihood ratio, LR-)、诊断性试验比值比(diagnostic odds ratio, DOR),绘制综合受试者工作特征 (summary receiver operator characteristic curve, SROC)曲线。对3种检查方法的合并Se与合并Sp分别进行χ2检验、I2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
初步检索获得英文文献582篇,中文文献354篇。最终25篇[2-26]文献符合纳入标准,均为英文文献。其中采用E-TVS文献8篇[2-6,14-15,21],TVS文献10篇[7-9,11-13,18-19,22,24],TRS文献3篇[23,25-26],同时涉及E-TVS和TVS文献2篇[10,20],E-TVS和TRS文献1篇[16],TVS和TRS文献1篇[17]。25篇文献的基本特征见表1。
2.1 文献质量评价 偏倚风险:病例选择偏倚风险主要源于未强调纳入患者是否连续,有9篇文献[3,7,10-11,14,20,24-26];待检测部分偏倚风险,除文献[7,25]外,均为低风险;金标准偏倚风险主要源于未明确金标准结果的判读是否在不知道检测结果的情况下进行,有6篇文献[2-4,16,25-26],5篇文献[4-5,8-9,21]采用的金标准是腹腔镜,而不是病理;病例流程偏倚风险主要源于未明确指出待检测试验与金标准的判读间是否有合适的间期,有7篇文献[5-7,12,17-18,23]。
临床适用性:病例选择方面除文献[18,25]外,余文献的病例具有较好的适用;待检测部分和金标准部分的适用性良好。其中有1篇文献[25]的质量较差,主要因选择的病例不符合入组的标准,见图1。
2.2 统计分析结果
2.2.1 异质性分析 阈值效应:E-TVS、TVS、TRS的Se对数与(1-Sp)对数的Spearman相关系数分别为-0.17(P=0.61)、-0.26(P=0.39)、-0.20(P=0.75),差异均无统计学意义。SROC曲线图呈不典型“肩臂状”分布(图2~4)。3种检查方法均不存在阈值效应引起的异质性,故分别合并各统计指标。
非阈值效应:经Q检验,P均<0.10。除TRS的合并Se(χ2=4.57,P=0.333 8)与合并Sp(χ2=8.88,P=0.064 1)差异无统计学意义外,余差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);除TRS的合并Se的I2=12.60%(<50%)外,余I2均>50%。3种检查方法均存在非阈值效应引起的异质性,故合并统计指标时均采用随机效应模型。
表1 25篇纳入研究的文献资料
2.2.2合并评价指标 采用随机效应模型获得E-TVS、TVS、TRS的Se、Sp、LR+、LR-、DOR见表2;SROC曲线下面积分别为0.980 4[95%CI(0.973 0,0.987 8),图2]、0.966 3[95%CI(0.955 2,0.974 4),图3]、0.979 0[95%CI(0.964 4,0.993 6),图4]。
直肠乙状结肠DIE超声表现为位于肌层内或累及肌层的形态不规则低回声结节,可导致肌层收缩和粘连,常致慢性盆腔疼痛[27]。对DIE治疗前诊断评估有利于选择合理的治疗方案和合适的手术方式,有效控制疾病进展。目前,诊断DIE的金标准是组织病理学检查,其次为腹腔镜[4],但均属有创性检查。非创伤性检查包括超声和MRI等,但Medeiros等[28]进行Meta分析表明,MRI诊断直肠乙状结肠DIE的Se为0.84,Sp为0.97。随着超声技术发展,超声诊断DIE的前瞻性研究增多,Guerriero等[29]的研究结果表明TVS的Se为0.89,Sp为0.97;E-TVS的Se为0.93,Sp为0.97,较MRI略有优势。
目前超声检查包括TVS、E-TVS、TRS及直肠内镜超声(rectalendoscopic ultrasonography, EUS)等。TVS作为子宫附件区的常规检查手段[30],诊断盆腔DIE有较高的效能和较好的观察者间一致性。E-TVS是用水、生理盐水或凝胶,在阴道或直肠中人为制造透声窗,提高对DIE的诊断能力[2]。TRS也可清晰显示肠道DIE病灶部位、大小、肠壁浸润深度等。
表2 3种超声诊断方法的各指标比较(95%CI)
图2 E-TVS的SROC曲线图 图3 TVS的SROC曲线图 图4 TRS的SROC曲线图
诊断准确性是评价诊断价值的重要方面。在检测指标Se、Sp、LR+、LR-、DOR和SROC曲线下面积中,LR+和LR-较Se和Sp更稳定,LR+越大,LR-越小,诊断准确率越高,DOR=LR+/LR-,DOR值越大,诊断准确性越高。虽然LR+、LR-、DOR综合应用了真阳性率、假阳性率的信息,但均与诊断界点的选取有关。SROC曲线下面积排除了诊断界值的影响,可更好地反映诊断效能,SROC曲线下面积越大,诊断准确性越高。因此,在本研究中,综合SROC曲线下面积和DOR,E-TVS对直肠乙状结肠DIE的诊断价值略高于TRS和TVS,TVS的诊断价值最低。由于TRS检查过程中探头与直肠壁直接接触,透声好,对直肠乙状结肠肌层的显示率好,图像质量高,因而提高了对直肠病变的检测价值。而E-TVS人为制造了良好的透声窗,也可较好地显示直肠乙状结肠DIE病灶;经直肠灌注制造透声窗时,可造成直肠的蠕动,有利于发现病灶;E-TVS纵向扫查范围大,可检测到离肛门较远的受累肠壁[16]。TVS诊断价值较低的主要原因为透声性差,超声图像的分辨率低。另外,目前针对直肠乙状结肠DIE患者TRS检查的相关准备工作的研究较少,如检查前表面麻醉、肠道准备、直肠指检,尚未形成程序性参考标准。检查过程中部分患者不能耐受,使TRS检查在临床应用有所减少。另因TRS普及率较低,其对疾病的观察者间一致性及同一观察者的可重复性还需探讨。由于E-TVS在临床的接受程度高,诊断价值也略高于TRS,因此,推荐将E-TVS作为超声诊断直肠乙状结肠DIE的首选方法。
本研究结果表明3种超声检查均存在非阈值效应引起的异质性,可能来源于:①医师的操作技能及经验差异;②病例来源于多个国家,存在人种、地域和医疗水平的差异;③增强技术、检查设备及探头型号存在差别。④所有的研究中,外科医师不可能忽视影像学报告,导致了固有的异质性。
本研究局限性:①文献检索时未检索会议记录、未发表文献等导致的发表偏倚;②文献的语种仅限于中、英文,可能存在语种偏倚。
综上所述,本研究结果表明,3种超声检查对直肠乙状结肠DIE的诊断价值依次为E-TVS、TRS、TVS。推荐E-TVS可作为超声诊断直肠乙状结肠DIE的首选方法。
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Ultrasound value in diagnosis of deep infiltrating endometriosis in rectosigmoid: Meta-analysis
NIUWang,SHITiemei*,ZHANGYuanxi,ZONGCan,ZHOUZheng,LIUChen
(DepartmentofUltrasound,ShengjingHospitalofChinaMedicalUniversity,Shenyang110004,China)
Objective To explore the diagnostic value of comparing enhanced transvaginal ultrasound (E-TVS), none enhanced transvaginal ultrasound (TVS), and transrectal ultrasound (TRS) in preoperative detection of deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) in the rectosigmoid by Meta-analysis. Methods The literatures published from January 1990 to June 2016 were searched. The information of literatures were selected and evaluated. The included data was statistically analyzed by Meta-disc 1.4 software. Results Totally 25 literatures were enrolled. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic odds ratio were 0.92, 0.96, 16.64, 0.09, 227.95 for E-TVS, 0.83, 0.97, 16.95, 0.17, 112.97 for TVS, 0.94, 0.96, 14.43, 0.08, 208.72 for TRS, respectively. Area under the curve were 0.980 4, 0.966 3, 0.979 0, respectively. Conclusion Diagnostic value of the three ultrasonography in preoperative detection of DIE in the rectosigmoid are E-TVS, TRS, TVS. E-TVS can be used as the preferred method of ultrasonic diagnosis of DIE in the rectosigmoid.
Endometriosis; Rectum; Colon, sigmoid; Ultrasonography, transvaginal; Ultrasonography, transrectal; Meta-analysis
牛旺(1991—),女,黑龙江大庆人,在读硕士。研究方向:妇科超声诊断。E-mail: 251291417@qq.com
史铁梅,中国医科大学附属盛京医院超声科,110004。
E-mail: shitm@sj-hospital.org
2016-10-24
2017-01-18
R711.71; R445.1
A
1003-3289(2017)06-0912-05
10.13929/j.1003-3289.201610107