李雨晴,万 李,陈 杏,刘海灿,蒋 毅,赵秀芹,管茶香,万康林,袁秀琴
中国西北四省(区)结核分枝杆菌分离株一线药物耐药状况及其影响因素分析
李雨晴1,万 李3,陈 杏1,刘海灿2,蒋 毅2,赵秀芹2,管茶香3,万康林2,袁秀琴1
目的 了解西北地区结核分枝杆菌耐药状况及其影响因素,为预防和控制耐药结核病提供基础科学依据。方法 选取中国西北4省、自治区(甘肃、西藏、新疆、内蒙古)2005-2011年从结核病患者痰标本中分离培养的757株结核分枝杆菌(MTB),采用比例法检测MTB对4种一线抗结核药物链霉素(SM)、利福平(RFP)、异烟肼(INH)和乙胺丁醇(EMB)的敏感性,结合病例背景资料分析相关影响因素。结果 共检测了757株结核分枝杆菌,对SM、RFP、INH和EMB的耐药率分别为 28.14%、26.68%、26.02%和7.53%,总的耐药率和耐多药率分别为 40.55%和18.63%。西藏、新疆、甘肃和内蒙古的总耐药率和MDR率分别为64.42%和42.94%、40.48%和23.81%、41.61%和3.36%、27.90%和11.29%。χ2检验结果显示,各省份间菌株对INH、RFP和SM 3种药物的耐药率以及耐多药率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,影响结核病耐药产生的主要原因是病例类型。复治病例发生耐药的危险性是新发病例的2.582倍(95%CI1.869-3.566)。结论 中国西北地区耐多药情况较为严重,特别是西藏和新疆。加强对结核病耐药性监测,规范化和针对性的全程治疗,防止疾病复发,是预防和控制耐药结核病的关键。
结核分枝杆菌;耐药性;一线抗结核药物; Logistic 回归分析
结核病仍对公众健康产生着严重的危害,目前中国是全球第3大结核病高负担国家,其活动性肺结核病例数及耐多药结核病(multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis,MDR-TB)例数均居世界第3位[1]。2010年全国第五次结核病流行病学抽样调查表明,西部地区活动性和涂阳肺结核患病率为695/10万和105/10万,我国西部地区肺结核患病率明显高于中部和东部地区[2]。据WHO全球结核病报告估计,2014年,全球约有3.3%(95%CI2.2%-4.4%)的新发病例和20%(95%CI14%-27%)的复治病例发生耐多药结核病,全球约有48万(36万~60万)例MDR-TB,并且全球约有19万(12万~26万)例结核病患者死于耐多药结核病,这些耐多药结核病患者主要来自于印度、中国和俄罗斯;报告结果显示,中国有5.7%(95%CI4.5%-7.0%)的新发病例和26%(95%CI22%-30%)的复治病例发生耐多药结核病[1]。我国的耐药结核病流行的形势十分严峻,耐药已成为影响结核病防治的主要阻碍因素[3]。本研究在我国西北四省(自治区)收集临床住院病人分离的结核分枝杆菌,采用比例法检测了结核分枝杆菌对异烟肼(isoniazid,INH)、利福平(rifampicin,RFP)、乙胺丁醇(ethambutol,EMB)、链霉素(streptomycin,SM)四种一线抗结核药物敏感性,并结合病例背景资料分析相关影响因素。从而初步了解我国西北地区结核分枝杆菌一线药物耐药状况和结核分枝杆菌耐药的影响因素,为我国西北地区的结核病防治提供基础科学依据。
1.1 菌株来源 从中国疾病预防控制中心传染病所结核病室的实验室菌株库中,分别选取中国西北4省份2005-2011年从临床住院结核病患者痰标本中分离培养的结核分枝杆菌,并收集其人口学特征、病例类型等相关背景资料。对照标准菌株为H37Rv。共选取了病例背景资料完善的结核分枝杆菌菌株共计757株,其中来自甘肃省兰州市胸科医院149株,西藏自治区人民医院和结核病防所163株,新疆自治区乌鲁木齐胸科医院126株,内蒙古自治区结核病防治所/结核病院319株。
1.2 耐药性检测 选用异烟肼、利福平、乙胺丁醇和链霉素4种一线抗结核药物,采用比例法对菌株进行药物敏感性试验,4种药物在罗氏培养基中的终浓度分别为0.2 μg/mL、40.0 μg/mL、2.0 μg/mL和4.0 μg/mL,以药物培养基中生长菌落数/常规培养基中生长菌落数的百分比>1%为阳性,即判断为耐药[4]。
2.1 人口学特征 结核病患者痰标本中分离的757株结核分枝杆菌,患者的年龄1~87岁,平均43.34岁;女性285名(37.65%),男性472名(62.35%);新发病例535例(70.67%),复治病例222例(29.33%)。
2.2 药物敏感性 757株结核分枝杆菌中,对四种抗生素全部敏感450株(59.45%),任意耐药307株(40.55%),MDR(至少同时对异烟肼和利福平两种以上药物具有耐药性)141株(18.63%)。对4种药物的耐药情况分别为:链霉素213株(28.14%),利福平202株(26.68%),异烟肼197株(26.02%),乙胺丁醇57株(7.53%)。
2.3 不同患者对任意药物耐药率比较 复治病例耐药率(57.21%)高于新发病例(33.64%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),不同年龄段患者的耐药率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而不同性别患者的耐药率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表 1)。
2.4 不同地区结核分枝杆菌耐药率比较 西藏、新疆、甘肃和内蒙古的总耐药率和MDR率分别为64.42%和42.94%、40.48%和23.81%、41.61%和3.36%、27.90%和11.29%,对异烟肼耐药率分别为57.06%、32.54%、6.71%和16.61%,对利福平分别为49.08%、28.57%、21.48%和16.93%,对链霉素分别为41.10%、26.98%、33.56%和19.44%,对乙胺丁醇分别为7.36%、7.94%、5.7%和8.46%。地区间对异烟肼、利福平和链霉素3种药物的耐药率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而这4个省(自治区)对乙胺丁醇的耐药率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。甘肃、西藏、新疆和内蒙古间的耐多药率(MDR)差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)(表 2)。
2.5 结核分枝杆菌耐药影响因素的Logistic回归分析 分别以对异烟肼、利福平、链霉素和乙胺丁醇其中任意一种耐药为因变量,性别、年龄、病例类型为自变量,其中年龄分段后为多分类变量,分析时引入哑变量;采用非条件二分类Logistic回归分析,运用Backward: LR法筛选变量(进入水准0.05,剔除水准0.10),最终进入模型的变量为病例类型,其中病例类型对耐药的产生有正效应(P<0.05)。当其他变量取值不变时,复治病例发生耐药的危险性是新发病例的2.582倍(95%CI1.869-3.566)。(表3)。
表1 不同患者对任意药物耐药率分析
Tab.1 Factors associated with the rate of resistance to any drug
CategoryFactorNumberDrugresistantrate(%)χ2PvalueGenderMale472186(39.41)0.6850.408Female285121(42.46)CasetypesInitialtreatmentcases535180(33.64)36.132<0.001Retreatmentcases222127(57.21)Agegroup0-4722(46.81)9.3510.02520-320142(44.38)40-21388(41.31)60-17755(31.07)
表2 不同地区结核分枝杆菌耐药率比较
Tab.2 Compare of drug resistant rate in different region
DrugRegionNumberDrugresistantrate(%)χ2PvalueINHGansu14910(6.71)127.848<0.001Tibet16393(57.06)Xinjiang12641(32.54)InnerMongolia31953(16.61)Total757197(26.02)RFPGansu14932(21.48)59.604<0.001Tibet16380(49.08)Xinjiang12636(28.57)InnerMongolia31954(16.93)Total757202(26.68)EMBGansu1498(5.37)1.4350.697Tibet16312(7.36)Xinjiang12610(7.94)InnerMongolia31927(8.46)Total75757(7.53)SMGansu14950(33.56)27.747<0.001Tibet16367(41.10)Xinjiang12634(26.98)InnerMongolia31962(19.44)Total757213(28.14)Any-drugresistanceGansu14962(41.61)59.760<0.001Tibet163105(64.42)Xinjiang12651(40.48)InnerMongolia31989(27.90)Total757307(40.55)MDRGansu1495(3.36)100.099<0.001Tibet16370(42.94)Xinjiang12630(23.81)InnerMongolia31936(11.29)Total757141(18.63)
表3 结核分枝杆菌耐药的影响因素Logistic回归分析
Tab.3 Logistic regression analysis of the influence factors for drug-resistanceM.tuberculosisisolates
VariablesBSE(b)WaldPvalueOddsratio(95%CI)Constant-1.0300.17136.174<0.0010.357Casetypes0.9480.16533.086<0.0012.582(1.869-3.566)Agegroup0-7.2770.064Reference20-0.6610.3413.7540.0531.938(0.992-3.783)40-0.5030.2026.1970.0131.653(1.113-2.456)60-0.3510.2192.5620.1091.420(0.924-2.181)
Annotation: Variable assignment,Gender (Male=1,Female=2); Case type (Initial treatment cases=0,Retreatment cases =1);Age (0- =1,20- =2,40- =3,60- =4)
目前,耐药结核病的流行尤其是耐多药结核病和HIV混合感染的流行为我国结核病的防治工作带来了重大挑战[5]。了解我国结核分枝杆菌耐药状况及其影响因素,对于控制我国耐药结核病的流行有着非常重要的作用[6]。宋艺等[7]对中国6省份999株结核分枝杆菌耐药性检测结果显示,其对4种一线药物的耐药率为23.42%,耐多药(MDR)率为13.51%。徐州287株结核分枝杆菌对4种一线药物的耐药率为16.03%,MDR率为3.14%[8]。Lisdawati等[9]对印度尼西亚262株结核分枝杆菌耐药性结果显示,其对四种一线药物的耐药率为61.8%,耐多药(MDR)率为5.4%。2010年全国第五次结核病流行病学抽样调查结果显示,一线抗结核药耐药率为36.8%(95%CI31.1%-42.7%),耐多药率为6.8%(95%CI4.1%-10.4%)[2]。本研究中西北地区757株结核分枝杆菌对异烟肼、利福平、链霉素和乙胺丁醇四种一线药物总的耐药率为40.55%,MDR率为18.63%,与全国水平相比,本研究中西北地区的总耐药率与全国水平相当,但是耐多药率高于全国水平,说明我国西北地区耐多药情况较为严重。
不同地区结核分枝杆菌耐药率比较的结果表明,甘肃、西藏、新疆和内蒙古4个西北地区对异烟肼(INH)、利福平(RFP)和链霉素(SM)的耐药率差异有统计学意义,而对乙胺丁醇(EMB)的耐药率差异无统计学意义,这可能与不同地区使用不同药物的频率有关。这4个西北地区的耐多药率(MDR)和任意耐药率差异也有统计学意义,与宋艺等[7]研究结果一致。不同地区的耐药率有差异,可能是因为不同地区的地理环境、气候条件、社会经济和文化风俗等因素不同,导致不同地区的耐药和耐多药情况不同。本研究中西藏和新疆地区的耐药情况较为严重,但本文未收集不同地区的社会经济和文化风俗等指标进行分析,尚不能确定是哪些因素导致了不同地区的耐药情况不同,可对此做进一步的研究。
多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,影响结核病耐药产生的主要原因是病例类型。复治病例发生耐药的危险性是新发病例的2.582倍(95%CI1.869-3.566),表明该因素与耐药的产生具有明显的相关性,与国内外许多研究结果一致[10-14]。由于结核病治疗至少需要半年,如果治疗不彻底,导致疾病复发,极有可能导致耐药结核病的发生,因此采用规范化的治疗,督促患者按时服药,防止疾病复发显得尤为重要[15]。
本研究中单因素与多因素分析结果均表明患者性别与菌株耐药性无关,这与Diande S等[14],张玉等[16],汪晓艳等[17]的研究结果一致。单因素结果显示,不同年龄段的患者耐药率差异有统计学意义,但是多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄与耐药性无关,这可能是多因素分析减少了某些混杂因素所致。
根据本研究对我国西北地区异烟肼(INH)、利福平(RFP)、链霉素(SM)、乙胺丁醇(EMB)4种一线抗结核药物耐药状况及其影响因素分析,研究结果表明中国西北地区耐多药情况较为严重,特别是西藏和新疆地区。建议对结核分枝杆菌及时进行耐药性检测,掌握患者的耐药情况,推荐“早期、规律、全程、适量、联合”的化学治疗原则,采取针对性和规范化的治疗措施,同时督促患者按时服药,防止疾病复发,是预防和控制耐药结核病的关键。
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First-line drugs resistance ofMycobacteriumtuberculosisisolated from inpatients and its influencing factors in the four provinces of northwestern China
LI Yu-qing1,WAN Li3,CHEN Xing1,LIU Hai-can2,JIANG Yi2,ZHAO Xiu-qin2, GUAN Cha-xiang3,WAN Kang-lin2,YUAN Xiu-qin1
(1.SchoolofPublicHealth,UniversityofSouthChina,Hengyang421001,China; 2.StateKeyLaboratoryforInfectiousDiseasesPreventionandControl,CollaborativeInnovationCenterforDiagnosisandTreatmentofInfectiousDiseases,NationalInstituteforCommunicableDiseaseControlandPrevention,ChineseCenterforDiseaseControlandPrevention,Beijing102206,China; 3.DepartmentofPhysiology,XiangyaMedicalSchool,CentralSouthUniversity,Changsha410000,China)
In this study,we investigated the status of the first-line drugs resistance (DR) ofMycobacteriumtuberculosis(MTB) and its influencing factors in the four provinces of northwestern China to provide basic scientific evidence for the prevention and control of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB). A total of 757 clinical MTB isolates from the sputum specimens of the patients with TB in 2005-2011 from four provinces and the autonomous regions (Gansu,Tibet,Xinjiang,Inner Mongolia) of Northwest China were collected. The drug susceptibility of these clinical isolates to the four first-line drugs streptomycin (SM),rifampicin (RFP),isoniazid (INH) and ethambutol (EMB) was determined by means of the drug susceptibility test (DST) of proportion method. The related influencing factors of DR-TB were analyzed by χ2analysis with case background data. Of 757 clinical MTB isolates tested with DST,the percentages of drug resistance to SM,RFP,INH and EMB were 28.14%,26.68%,26.02% and 7.53%,and the total drug resistance rate and multi-drug resistance (MDR) rate were 40.55% and 18.63%,respectively. The total drug resistance rate and MDR rate of Tibet,Xinjiang,Gansu and Inner Mongolia were 64.42% and 42.94%,40.48% and 23.81%,41.61% and 3.36%,27.90% and 11.29%,respectively. The statistical χ2analysis results showed that there were significant differences in drug resistance rate to RFP,INH and SM and MDR rate in these provinces (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis results showed that the influence factors were the case types. The risk of drug resistance in retreatment cases was 2.582 times (95%CI: 1.882-3.737) than that in the initial treatment cases. The status of MDR is serious in the northwestern China,especially in Tibet and Xinjiang. Strengthening surveillance of drug resistance and standardized and whole course treatment of TB to prevent the disease recurrence are the key measures for the better prevention and control of drug resistant TB.
Mycobacteriumtuberculosis; drug-resistance; the first-line drugs against tuberculosis; logistic regression analysis
Yuan Xiu-qin,Email: wtjysh@126.com
10.3969/j.issn.1002-2694.2017.05.003
国家科技重大专项(2013ZX10003002-001)
袁秀琴,Email: wtjysh@126.com
1.南华大学公共卫生学院,衡阳 421001; 2.中国疾病预防控制中心传染病预防控制所 传染病预防控制国家重点实验室 传染病诊治协同创新中心,北京 102206; 3.中南大学湘雅医学院生理学系,长沙 410000
R18
A
1002-2694(2017)05-0398-05
2016-12-07 编辑:刘岱伟
Funded by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China (No. 2013ZX10003002-001)