王永森,赵 琳
·调查研究·
内陆至沿海迁移人群甲状腺疾病的调查分析
王永森*,赵 琳
目的 调查由内陆至沿海迁移人群甲状腺疾病发生情况,探讨迁移人群甲状腺疾病的流行趋势。方法 2016年1—6月,选取2006年以前部分随工作单位搬迁、由沧州市及其西部县搬迁至黄骅港并长期改居于黄骅港及周边地区10~20年的10个企、事业单位职工及随行配偶共2 357例为迁移组,上述企、事业单位未搬迁的职工及配偶共3 378例为原地组。分析两组的人口学资料(性别、年龄、民族、文化程度、吸烟情况、饮酒情况、家庭人均年收入)。在此基础上比较两组慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎(CLT)、甲状腺结节病、毒性弥漫性甲状腺肿(GD)患病率。两组均有部分甲状腺结节病患者行手术治疗并进行病理检查,比较其术后病理类型。由于条件限制,采用整群抽样法抽取两组中部分人员(迁移组92例、原地组84例)检测尿碘水平(时间:2016年3月),比较两组抽样人群的尿碘水平。结果 两组性别、年龄、民族、文化程度、吸烟情况、饮酒情况、家庭人均年收入比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。迁移组CLT、GD患病率均高于原地组(P<0.05);迁移组和原地组甲状腺结节病患病率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。迁移组中进行甲状腺结节病手术者166例,病理类型:结节性甲状腺肿89例(53.6%)、甲状腺腺瘤44例(26.5%)、甲状腺癌31例(18.7%)、其他2例(1.2%);原地组中进行甲状腺结节病手术者183例,病理类型:结节性甲状腺肿81例(44.3%)、甲状腺腺瘤80例(43.7%)、甲状腺癌20例(10.9%)、其他2例(1.1%);迁移组和原地组甲状腺结节病手术者术后病理类型比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=12.402,P=0.006)。迁移组抽样人群尿碘水平比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=15.049,P=0.020)。结论 由内陆至沿海迁移人群的甲状腺疾病患病率增加,因此由内陆至沿海的迁移人群是一个需要格外关注和采取预防措施的群体。
甲状腺疾病;迁移人群;患病率;横断面研究
王永森,赵琳.内陆至沿海迁移人群甲状腺疾病的调查分析[J].中国全科医学,2017,20(12):1486-1490.[www.chinagp.net]
WANG Y S,ZHAO L.Investigation and analysis of the prevalence of thyroid diseases in the population migrated from inland to coastal areas[J].Chinese General Practice,2017,20(12):1486-1490.
沿海高碘地带是多种甲状腺疾病的高发地带[1-2]。近十余年随着沿海地区的开发与发展,由内陆至沿海地区的迁移人群不断增加,随着迁移人群生活环境和饮食结构的改变,某些甲状腺疾病在该群体中呈现出新的流行趋势和特点。本研究对沧州地区由内陆(沧州市及其西部县市)迁移至黄骅港10~20年的迁移人群的常见甲状腺疾病,包括慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎(CLT)、甲状腺结节病、毒性弥漫性甲状腺肿(GD)等的流行特点进行了记录和分析,旨在探讨这一特殊群体的甲状腺疾病的流行新趋势和特点。
1.1 调查对象 2016年1—6月,选取2006年以前部分随工作单位搬迁、由沧州市及其西部县搬迁至黄骅港并长期改居于黄骅港及周边地区10~20年的10个企、事业单位职工及随行配偶共2 357例为迁移组,上述企、事业单位未搬迁的职工及配偶共3 378例为原地组。排除严重糖尿病、心脑血管疾病、肾病及其他全身系统性疾病。上述人群均由工作单位组织,定期于沧州市中心医院体检中心体检,故定期检查和随访的资料保存较完整。
1.2 检查项目及方法 检查项目包括甲状腺触诊、甲状腺彩超、甲状腺功能检查等。甲状腺触诊由7年以上工作经验的主治及主治以上的专科医师完成;甲状腺彩超由5名超声专业主治及主治以上医师完成,仪器型号:PHILIPS-IE33、PHILIPS-IE22。采集调查对象空腹10 h以上的静脉血进行甲状腺功能检查,检查项目包括游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、总三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、总甲状腺素(T4)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TgAb)、促甲状腺激素受体抗体(TRAb)。
由于条件限制,采用整群抽样法抽取两组中部分人员(迁移组92例、原地组84例)进行尿碘水平测定(时间:2016年3月)。迁移组中男50例,女42例;平均年龄(47.4±6.5)岁。
本研究创新点:
随着沿海地带的开发建设,出现了大量由内陆至沿海的迁移人群,迁移人群随着碘摄入量的改变,有关甲状腺疾病也呈现出新的流行趋势。既往研究甲状腺疾病的文章中,均是对不同地域久居的人群进行比较,因此人种、生活时间、风俗习惯、经济水平、文化程度等混杂因素较多;本文以迁移人群为研究对象,一定程度上排除了诸多混杂因素,而且对危险因素的暴露时间可以很好的统计。
原地组男46例,女38例;平均年龄(47.8±6.0)岁。两组抽样人群性别(χ2=0.003,P=0.956)、年龄(t=0.045,P=0.964)比较,差异无统计学意义,具有可比性。两组抽样人群均于清晨留取空腹(禁食、水10 h以上)尿液标本,采用砷铈催化分光光度测定法检测尿碘水平。
1.3 诊断标准 CLT和GD的诊断符合《中国甲状腺疾病诊治指南》[3-4]。甲状腺结节病的诊断以彩超检查结果为准,结节性质以术后病理结果为准。
1.4 观察指标 分析两组的人口学资料(性别、年龄、民族、文化程度、吸烟情况、饮酒情况、家庭人均年收入)。在此基础上比较两组间CLT、甲状腺结节病、GD患病率;两组均有部分甲状腺结节病患者行手术治疗并进行病理检查,比较其术后病理类型;同时比较两组抽样人群的尿碘水平。
2.1 两组人口学资料比较 两组性别、年龄、民族、文化程度、吸烟情况、饮酒情况、家庭人均年收入比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,见表1)。
表1 两组人口学资料比较
注:a为t值
2.2 两组CLT、甲状腺结节病、GD患病率比较 迁移组CLT、GD患病率均高于原地组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);迁移组和原地组甲状腺结节病患病率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,见表2)。
2.3 两组部分甲状腺结节病患者术后病理类型比较 迁移组中进行甲状腺结节病手术者166例,病理类型:结节性甲状腺肿89例(53.6%)、甲状腺腺瘤44例(26.5%)、甲状腺癌31例(18.7%)、其他2例(1.2%);原地组中进行甲状腺结节病手术者183例,病理类型:结节性甲状腺肿81例(44.3%)、甲状腺腺瘤80例(43.7%)、甲状腺癌20例(10.9%)、其他2例(1.1%)。迁移组和原地组甲状腺结节病术后病理类型比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=12.402,P=0.006)。
2.4 两组抽样人群尿碘水平比较 迁移组抽样人群尿碘水平比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=15.049,P=0.020,见表3)。
参照世界卫生组织(WHO)的相关标准,黄骅属于碘过量地区,沧州市及其西部地带属于碘足量或适量地区[5-6]。本研究中,迁移组和原地组人群所处的纬度相同,气候也基本相同,迁移人群最大的改变可能是碘的摄入量。人体通过多种方式摄入碘,绝大部分来自食物(80%~90%),10%~20%来自水,5%来自空气[1]。食物中海产品碘含量最高,海带中碘含量约为2 mg/kg,贝类和鱼含量为80~500 μg/kg,而谷物、蔬菜、水果等则在50 μg/kg以下[1]。沿海地带海产品比较容易获得,蔬菜、水果等价钱相对较高,不易获得,迁移至沿海地区的人群饮食结构不可避免的发生改变,海藻、海鱼、贝类等摄入量增加,谷物、蔬菜、水果等摄入量减少。另外,沿海地区人群通过水和空气中碘的摄入量也进一步增加,海风中碘含量约100 μg/m3,而内陆空气仅1 μg/m3[1]。亦有研究显示,沿海地带碘摄入量明显高于内陆地区[1-2]。
本研究中的迁移组与原地组均来源于相同的内陆群体,在人种、风俗习惯、文化程度、经济收入等诸多方面均无明显差异,此方面有别于对长期生活在不同地域人群的对比研究[7-9]。随着由内陆至沿海的迁移,迁移组碘摄入量的改变可能是两组间最大的改变,尿碘水平检测结果显示,迁移组抽样人群尿碘水平高于原地组,属碘过量范围[5]。因此迁移至黄骅港的人群不可避免的出现碘摄入量增加,存在碘过量的可能。国际公认的碘研究成果认为,碘的摄入量与甲状腺疾病发生率呈“U”字形,长期碘摄人不足或摄入过量均会对人体造成损害[7,10-11]。流行病学调查显示,碘摄入过量可引起包括甲状腺肿大、甲状腺功能减退症、碘致甲状腺功能亢进症、自身免疫性甲状腺疾病、甲状腺癌等多种疾病在内的碘过多病(iodine excessive disordep,IED)[12]。因此,持续的碘摄入过量可对甲状腺造成伤害。
表2 两组CLT、甲状腺结节病、GD患病率比较〔n(%)〕
Table 2 Prevalences of CLT,nodular thyroid disease,and GD in the migrated group and non-migrated group
组别例数CLT患病 未患病甲状腺结节病患病 未患病GD患病 未患病迁移组2357182(7.7)2175(92.3)836(35.5)1521(64.5)20(0.9)2337(99.1)原地组3378212(6.3)3166(93.7)982(29.1)2396(70.9)19(0.6)3359(99.4)χ2值4.53626.2511.682P值0.033<0.0010.195
注:CLT=慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎,GD=毒性弥漫性甲状腺肿
表3 两组抽样人群尿碘水平比较 〔n(%),μg/L〕
碘缺乏与碘过量均会导致甲状腺结节病的发生[13-14]。本研究中迁移组甲状腺结节病患病率高于原地组,虽不能对所有甲状腺结节病患者予以病理检查,但部分患者选择手术治疗,术后病理结果显示,迁移组结节性甲状腺肿、甲状腺癌的比例较原地组高。结节性甲状腺肿是由于甲状腺滤泡上皮出现反复交替长期增生性和退行性病变,导致腺体内出现结节,而非肿瘤和炎症引起;其特点是由于甲状腺细胞增生产生了新的滤泡而导致甲状腺结节性肿大[15]。动物研究显示,随着饮食中碘含量的增加,大鼠甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞呈扁平状、滤泡增大、滤泡腔内充满丰富的经HE染色浓染的胶质;电镜下观察则进一步发现大鼠甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞出现核膜不完整、核碎裂、染色质浓缩,细胞内的胶质小泡增多、附着于内质网的线粒体出现空泡样变[16]。另有学者认为,高碘可通过长效机制引发甲状腺疾病[17]。碘过量同样是甲状腺癌发生的独立危险因素[18]。王木华等[19]调查发现,碘摄入过量地区的甲状腺癌发病率远高于碘摄入量低的地区,其甲状腺癌平均每年发病率为19.37/10万,而碘摄入量低的地区甲状腺癌发生率几乎为0。因此,笔者推测可能是碘摄入过量导致了迁移人群甲状腺结节病患病率高于原生活地人群,其中甲状腺肿和甲状腺癌患病率增高明显。
本研究结果显示,迁移组CLT患病率高于原地组。慢性高碘摄入可促进甲状腺自身免疫性疾病的发生[13,20-21]。桥本甲状腺炎属于CLT的一种,其是目前公认的自身免疫性疾病,可与其他多种自身免疫性疾病并存。桥本甲状腺炎患者血清中存在针对甲状腺组织的特异性抗体(TPOAb和TgAb等),镜下甲状腺病变组织中可见大量淋巴细胞和浆细胞浸润。高碘持续状态可诱导趋化因子和细胞因子的产生,从而刺激免疫细胞产物进入甲状腺,甲状腺上皮细胞的氧化应激水平升高,进而导致脂质氧化和甲状腺组织损伤[22]。因而迁移至黄骅港的人群可由于持续的碘摄入量增加,改变了甲状腺的免疫状态,进而增加CLT的患病率。
综上所述,控制了人种、风俗习惯偏移,迁移至沿海地区的人群CLT、甲状腺结节病患病率高于未迁移的内陆人群。因此对于甲状腺疾病,内陆至沿海的迁移人群是一个值得关注和需要采取预防措施的群体。
作者贡献:王永森进行文章的构思与设计、数据整理、统计学处理、结果分析与解释、撰写论文、论文修订;王永森、赵琳进行数据收集。
本文无利益冲突。
本研究不足之处:
本文为横断面调查研究,如能进一步进行前瞻性的队列研究会取得更好的效果。
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(本文编辑:毛亚敏)
Investigation and Analysis of the Prevalence of Thyroid Diseases in the Population Migrated from Inland to Coastal Areas
WANGYong-sen*,ZHAOLin
MedicalExaminationCenter,CangzhouCentralHospital,Cangzhou061001,China
*Correspondingauthor:WANGYong-sen,Attendingphysician;E-mail:chdrsh@163.com
Objective To evaluate the epidemiological trend of thyroid diseases in the population migrated from inland to coastal areas by investigating its prevalence in them.Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted between two groups,the migrated group(n=2 357) and non-migrated group(n=3 378) from January to June 2016.Participants in the migrated group were the employees from 10 enterprises and institutions and their partners who came from Cangzhou(a city in Hebei Province of China) or the counties in western Cangzhou and migrated to Huanghua Port before 2006,and they have been living in Huanghua Port or its peripheral regions for 10-20 years because of the changing of the work site,and those in the non-migrated group were the employees from the above enterprises and institutions and their partners who do not migrate,and have lived in Cangzhou or the counties in western Cangzhou all the time.We analyzed the demographic data(gender,age,nationality,educational attainment,proportions of people with smoking and drinking,per capita annual income of the household) of these two groups.Further,the differences in the prevalences of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis(CLT),nodular thyroid disease and Graves′ disease(GD) between the two groups were compared.Some patients with nodular thyroid disease in both groups underwent surgery and their lesion specimens were detected pathologically.Then,the pathological types of the lesions between these patients were compared.Due to our limited medical conditions,with the method of cluster sampling,we selected some people from both groups(92 from the migrated group and 84 from the non-migrated group) for determining the urinary iodine level in March 2006.And the testing results were compared between the sample populations of the two groups.Results There were no significant differences in the demographic data(gender,age,nationality,educational attainment,proportions of people with smoking and drinking,per capita annual income of the household) between the two groups(P>0.05).The prevalences of both CLT and GD were higher in the migrated group than in the non-migrated group(P<0.05).The prevalence of nodular thyroid disease did not differ significantly between the groups(P>0.05).In the migrated group,166 patients with nodular thyroid disease underwent surgery,the pathological types of lesions in them included the following:nodular goiter(n=89,53.6%),thyroid adenoma(n=44,26.5%),thyroid carcinoma(n=31,18.7%) and undefined types(n=2,1.2%).In the non-migrated group,183 patients with nodular thyroid disease experienced surgery,the pathological types of lesions in them were as follows:nodular goiter(n=81,44.3%),thyroid adenoma(n=80,43.7%),thyroid carcinoma(n=20,10.9%) and undefined types(n=2,1.1%).The pathological findings showed that,there was a significant difference in the pathological types of lesions between the patients with nodular thyroid disease surgery in the two groups (χ2=12.402,P=0.006).There were significant differences in the urinary iodine levels between the sample populations of the two groups(χ2=15.049,P=0.020).Conclusion The prevalence of thyroid diseases is higher in the population migrated from inland to coastal areas.So,attention should be given to them and preventive measures for thyroid diseases should be popularized in them.
Thyroid disease;Migration population;Prevalence;Cross-sectional study
R 581
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2017.12.015
2016-12-03;
2017-03-02)
061001河北省沧州市中心医院体检中心
*通信作者:王永森,主治医师;E-mail:chdrsh@163.com