张露露,王东升
(1.北京中农榜样蛋鸡育种有限责任公司,北京 102100;2.上海光明荷斯坦牧业有限公司,上海 200436)
日粮中添加微量元素与添加剂对蛋壳品质的影响研究
张露露1,王东升2
(1.北京中农榜样蛋鸡育种有限责任公司,北京 102100;2.上海光明荷斯坦牧业有限公司,上海 200436)
近年来,关于营养对蛋壳指数影响的研究主要集中在日粮中微量元素的水平及来源,而饲料添加剂可改善肠道健康及矿物质吸收利用率也会影响蛋壳的质量。产蛋鸡日粮中添加剂和微量元素利用的研究结果并不一致。研究表明,一定条件下,日粮锰的水平及锰的存在形式,还有其他添加剂如益生菌、有机酸及中草药提取物等,都对蛋壳品质有显著的影响。文章概述了影响蛋壳品质的因素,特别是在微量元素及添加剂方面。总结和探讨了日粮钙、磷及维生素D3的水平和来源对蛋壳品质影响的研究成果。
蛋鸡;营养;蛋壳质量;微量元素;添加剂
蛋壳质量差是家禽业一直存在的重要问题,不仅降低蛋禽养殖经济效益,还会降低蛋孵化率,增加胚胎死亡率[1]。蛋壳能保护胚胎免受外界环境的有害影响。钙的添加是影响胚胎发育及蛋壳质量的重要因素[2]。由于破壳蛋及畸形蛋很容易感染致病菌,因而蛋壳质量对消费者的影响也较大。规模化笼养,其蛋壳需氧菌的污染明显高于家庭常规圈养蛋[3]。研究表明,笼养蛋蛋壳总微生物菌群比散养的低[4]。
蛋壳质量对蛋鸡养殖效益的影响非常大。Mabe等研究表明,80%~90%的破损蛋通常要降级处理[5]。蛋壳质量降低的一个主要原因就是蛋鸡日龄过长,在产蛋后期,破损蛋≥20%[6]。
许多因素影响蛋壳的形成和质量,包括遗传因素、环境因素、营养因素以及蛋鸡的健康状况。研究最多的是日粮中微量元素及维生素D3对蛋壳和骨质量的影响。日粮中某些微量元素水平,主要是锌和锰,同时在日粮中添加能提高肠道消化吸收率,有利于蛋壳的形成,提高蛋壳的质量。因此,本文总结和讨论了日粮中添加微量元素及添加剂对蛋壳质量的影响。
由于蛋壳特殊的化学组成(95%为钙的碳酸盐)及钙化过程,因此钙是影响蛋壳质量的极其重要的营养因子。Jiang等研究表明,产蛋鸡饲喂高水平钙(4.4%),比对照组蛋壳质量降低[7]。用粗石灰石或贝壳粉替代精制石灰石效果较好,两者均能在嗉囊中停留较长的时间,因而溶解的较慢,从而能在夜间给机体提供持续充足的血钙[8-9]。Cufadar等研究了日粮钙水平(3.0%、3.6%或4.2%)和石粒大小(<2 mm、2~5 mm、>5 mm)对换羽蛋鸡(76周龄)的影响,结果表明,日粮钙水平低时,适中或大颗粒的石粒与蛋壳质量强度呈正相关,但是这种影响在日粮钙水平正常或高时无影响[10]。
研究表明,日粮中可利用磷的水平为0.3%~0.35%即可满足蛋壳质量的需求。而较高的磷水平(>0.4%~0.45%)会影响钙的吸收,导致蛋壳质量下降[11-12]。将日粮中磷的水平降到0.15%~0.2%,对蛋壳质量无不良影响[13]。但低水平的含磷量可能会降低产蛋量。
维生素D3可促进机体对钙的利用。因此,日粮中充足的维生素D3对良好的蛋壳质量也是必需的。由于蛋鸡代谢过程中合成维生素D3的能力下降,在日粮中添加25-OH-D3有利于第二个产蛋周期的产蛋量[14]。
Mabe等研究微量元素如锌、锰、铜,作为一些酶的辅基,通过影响晶体的形成及改变,蛋壳晶体的结构,影响蛋壳的形成,结果表明,蛋鸡69~ 82周龄基础日粮(含锌32.6 mg·kg-1)添加了锌60 mg·kg-1,对蛋壳硬度呈正相关;但是,由于添加了锰60 mg·kg-1和铜10 mg·kg-1,因而不能确定这种影响是否与锌的添加有关[5]。Xiao等对海兰褐蛋鸡研究表明,在日粮中添加锰100 mg·kg-1,能通过增加合成糖胺聚糖及糖醛胺的含量而提高蛋壳质量,包括提高蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度、断裂韧度等[15]。蛋鸡日粮中微量元素的添加形式(无机态或有机态)均能影响蛋壳质量。但蛋鸡日粮中无机态和有机态微量元素的利用效率如何,尚无定论。Swiatkiewicz等研究表明,用锌和锰的氨基酸结合物替代其氧化物,能减少锌和锰对蛋鸡的副作用,且在产蛋后续阶段(62~70周龄)能提高蛋壳强度,对生理及胫骨指数、胫骨灰分含量及脚趾灰分含量、蛋壳比例、蛋壳厚度和蛋壳密度无影响[16]。Gheisari等在玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加锰和铜的氨基酸结合物或硫酸酯(分别为40、40和7 mg·kg-1),结果表明,蛋壳厚度比日粮中添加有机微量元素3.8%时高[17]。Favero等同时在科宝500肉仔鸡日粮中添加锰、锌和铜的无机硫酸酯复合物和氨基酸复合物,结果表明,同时添加锌、铜和锰的无机和有机态复合物,能显著提高蛋壳质量[18]。Stefanelloefal等在蛋鸡日粮中提高锌、锰和铜的水平,能提高蛋壳质量,包括蛋壳硬度、蛋壳厚度、降低破蛋率[19]。Pekel等研究表明,含植酸酶低磷蛋鸡日粮中添加有机态铜对蛋壳质量无影响[20]。Attia等也有类似的报道,用无机态的铜替代有机态的铜对蛋壳比例及蛋壳厚度或单位蛋壳质量无影响[21]。Ma等在产蛋后期日粮中添加丙酸铬(600 μg·kg-1)能提高蛋壳质量及蛋壳厚度[22]。Attia等在蛋鸡日粮中用有机硒(硒代甲硫氨酸)替代无机硒(亚硒酸钠)不影响蛋壳质量、蛋壳比例、蛋壳厚度或者单位面积蛋壳重量[23]。
4.1 益生元或益生菌
研究表明,饲料添加剂主要是益生元或益生菌及有机酸,能提高蛋壳质量,这种影响可能主要是其促进钙和其他矿物元素的利用[24]。Swiatkiewicz等研究表明,菊糖或果糖在一定程度上有利于蛋壳质量的提高(蛋壳比例、蛋壳密度及蛋壳硬度)[25]。Swiatkiewicz等研究表明,在高DDGS含量的日粮中添加菊糖能提高产蛋末期(50周龄)蛋壳质量[26]。Cesari等研究在海兰褐蛋鸡日粮中添加含益生元(含54%乳糖的脱脂奶粉)及嗜酸乳杆菌对产蛋性能及蛋壳质量的影响,结果表明,益生元(3%或4%)有利于蛋壳质量提高,这可能是由于增加了肠道短链脂肪酸与益生菌及乳糖的结合[27]。然而,Yildiz等研究表明,日粮中添加菊糖对蛋壳重量、厚度及硬度没有影响[28]。在蛋鸡日粮中添加酵母细胞壁对蛋壳质量无影响[29]。
蛋鸡日粮中添加益生菌能提高蛋壳品质。Abdelqader等研究在日粮中添加枯草芽孢杆菌(2.3× 108cfu·g-1)对蛋鸡(64周龄)产蛋性能和蛋壳质量的影响,结果表明,提高了蛋壳重量、增加厚度,同时降低破蛋率[30]。Abdelqader等在日粮中分别添加枯草芽孢杆菌和菊糖或同时添加,结果表明,日粮中分别添加或者同时添加益生菌(0.01%)和菊糖(0.01%),均能提高产蛋后期产蛋性能、蛋壳质量及钙的沉积。产蛋性能和蛋壳质量的提高与使用了益生元和益生菌有关,大量的益菌定殖及绒毛隐窝吸收面积增加[31]。益生菌和益生素能提高蛋壳质量,可能是通过提高矿物质的溶解度而促进了矿物质的利用率,其原因是由于通过益生菌基质的增加而提高短链脂肪酸的产生,改变肠道黏膜层,提高细菌发酵产物,通过益生菌酶降解植酸盐,增加钙粘蛋白表达,这些都有益于肠道健康[32]。
4.2 有机酸
Sengor等对白色宝万斯蛋鸡研究表明,日粮中添加短链脂肪酸(SCFA)0.05%可以提高蛋壳强度,同时降低脏蛋、破壳蛋和畸形蛋[33]。蛋壳质量的改善与血清钙浓度增加有关,这可能是由于有机酸促进了钙的吸收。Swiatkiewicz等研究表明,日粮中链脂肪酸(MCFA),如癸酸、己酸及更短链脂肪酸,对提高产蛋中后期(46~70周龄)蛋壳质量(蛋壳比率、厚度、强度)的作用相对短链脂肪酸(SCFA)较弱[26]。
4.3 精油和植物提取物
对产蛋后期蛋鸡(54~74周龄)的研究结果表明,混合精油(牛至、月桂树叶、鼠尾草叶、番石榴叶、茴香籽和柑橘果皮油混合物)可以降低15.5%破蛋率[6]。Kaya等研究表明,混合精油(鼠尾草、百里香、薄荷提取物,0.015或0.030%)能提高蛋壳强度和重量[34]。Lokaewmanee等研究表明,日粮中添加植物提取物(含有0.10%红色三叶草和大蒜素)的褐壳蛋鸡日粮可以改善蛋壳质量,提高蛋壳强度,这些改善可能与小肠组织结构变化有关[35]。Sharma等研究表明,在蛋鸡日粮中添加中草药可以增加蛋壳厚10%,蛋壳强度增加15.2%,同时降低2.5%破损蛋[36]。Zhou等研究表明,产蛋后期日粮中添加复方中草药可使蛋壳强度提高19.3%,并改善胫骨质量[37]。中草药有助于减少骨质损失,并刺激产蛋后期蛋鸡对矿物质的吸收。
基于对蛋壳质量影响因素的分析,蛋鸡日粮中添加微量元素和饲料添加剂其效果受蛋鸡日龄、生理状况和添加剂化学结构与组成的影响。然而,一些研究表明,通过优化锰的添加形式和水平,及添加益生素和益生菌、有机酸和中草药可以提高蛋壳质量[38-41]。应该强调的是,这些有益的作用可能不明显,尤其对于青年蛋鸡。而对于产蛋后期蛋鸡,效果可能更好。
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The Study on the Effect of Trace Elements and Feed Additives in Feed on Eggshell Quality
ZHNG Lulu1,WANG Dongsheng2
(1.Beijing Zhongnong Example of Laying Hens Breeding Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 102100,China; 2.Shanghai Bright Holstan Co.,Ltd.,Shanghai 200436,China)
Many recent studies regarded the effect of nutrition on eggshell parameters focussing on dietary trace elements levels and sources.There has been also growing interest in the influence of feed additives on improving intestinal health and mineral availability.The results demonstrate that the result of layerhen diet supplementation with trace elements and feed additives was not consistent,however findings of several trials indicated that eggshell quality might be positively affected in certain conditions by optimal dietary level and form of mangae,as well as by the addition of probiotics,organic acids,and chinese herb extracts.This paper summarized the influencing factors of eggshell quality,especially the trace elements and feed additives.The effects of dietary calcium,phosphorus and vitamin D3levels and sources on eggshell quality were summarizedand discussed.
laying hens;nutrition;eggshell quality;trace elements;feed additives
S831;S816.7
A
1001-0084(2017)01-0029-04
2016-10-23
张露露(1989-),女,河北石家庄人,硕士研究生,研究方向为蛋鸡营养、畜禽疾病控制。