任炜,张清泉,陈萍,王林,岳冀
术中神经功能监测在甲状腺手术治疗中的应用及研究进展
任炜,张清泉,陈萍,王林,岳冀*
术中神经监测(IONM)作为手术的辅助手段,是指应用神经电生理技术,观察神经的连续性、监测神经系统的电生理传导功能,了解手术过程中有无神经损伤。甲状腺手术的难点在于术中对喉神经的保护,但IONM可以很好地判断喉返神经损伤的程度,作为一种很有发展前景的工具,IONM在甲状腺手术中的运用已在国内外得到广泛的论证、研究和应用。拟对当前IONM在甲状腺手术中的应用研究进行综述。
术中神经功能监测;甲状腺手术;喉返神经
在甲状腺手术之前,为了减少神经损伤和声带疾病的发病概率,鉴定喉返神经是一种安全有效的预防措施。但在中心淋巴结清除、甲状腺功能亢进、甲状腺肿大以及甲状腺炎患者中,安全鉴定神经并保持神经的功能很难实现。手术过程中的神经功能监测(intra operative neuro monitoring,IONM)已在神经医学中广泛应用[1-3]。在甲状腺手术中运用神经监测仪是Shedd及Flisberg分别于1966年和1970年提出,这一方法可直接通过电生理刺激,观察神经的连续性和电生理传导功能,帮医师辅助了解手术过程中喉神经的损伤。随着监测设备和监测步骤的不断改进,在甲状腺手术之前,利用IONM标准化鉴定喉返神经(recurrent laryngeal nerve,RLN),成为预防喉神经损伤的辅助手段。在以上背景下,在过去10年里,IONM已被外科医师广泛接受:在欧美国家甲状腺术中神经监测普及率达到40%~ 90%;在我国此技术也逐渐被认可和推广。在IONM取得可喜的发展的同时,仍然有许多的技术难题等待医学科学家的研究。因此该文综述了多个研究组在这一方向的最新研究[2-15],并简述IONM的新应用方向。
有研究显示,在甲状腺手术过程中,当运用标准的IONM之后,和之前的神经可视化的金标准相比,RLN偏瘫的概率减少了[3,16]。Barczynski在2013年的研究中发现,在重复甲状腺手术中,和神经可视化相比,IONM可以减少RLN麻痹的发生率[17]。具体来看,当使用IONM时,短暂的和永久的RLN创伤都被发现,频率分别是2.6%和1.4%;而不用IONM的话,是6.3%和2.4%[17]。当然也有研究认为这种减少并不显著[18]。
不论如何,IONM有着不可比拟的优点:明确神经的位置,避免手术过程破坏RLN和可能的神经分支;在手术前、手术中及手术后,监测喉神经的功能,证实神经在生理学上的完整性。由于甲状腺再手术以及具有非典型过程的首次手术都将导致神经麻痹率的增高[3,19],在这些情况下IONM所具有的优点将更有利于保护手术对神经的损伤。另外,在甲状腺疾病的手术过程中,外科医师必须熟记操作(甲状腺疾病操作、颈部以及RLN解剖),这是非常困难的。在这一情况下,IONM的应用更是显得不可缺少了。
有研究显示中心室颈淋巴结清扫术(central compartment neck dissection,CCND)并不会增加甲状腺切除术导致RLN偏瘫的风险[20]。那么在CCND中,针对IONM的作用便产生了争议。不过,IONM可以更有效地鉴定神经并对神经的状态进行客观的监测,尤其是当解剖学变体存在时。这将会将双边神经麻痹的危险降低到最低状态。
另外,在CCND手术过程中,视野内缺少针对神经的解剖学标记,还含有大量的伤痕组织。在这种情况下,IONM还可以帮助医师鉴定视野内的RLN,以避免破坏解剖盲区的神经[21]。
当前针对IONM的研究可被分为两个方面:动物实验模型以及临床观察研究。
2.1 动物实验模型由于人类疾病的复杂性以及以人本身作为实验对象的局限性,要将有科学意义的发现转化为对人类有现实意义的技术,特别是最新的外科手术技术(比如IONM),都需要开发出合适的动物模型。IONM动物实验模型可以用来测试不同的麻醉药物,手术装备,外科手术程序,新的手术方法手段,以及测试因为IONM而产生的神经创伤。
现在已经有多种针对IONM的动物实验模型已在最新的研究中运用,比如:猪或医用迷你猪实验模型[7,22-28],狗实验模型[29,30]和老鼠实验模型[31]。猪实验模型是最常用的动物实验模型,因为猪和人在结构以及生理上是相似的,尤其是颈部和喉部。另外,与灵长类、猫和狗实验模型相比,医用迷你猪实验模型非常经济划算,花费相对较低。
当前动物IONM模型主要用于以下四个方面的研究:(1)测试安全标准的气管肌电图(electromyographic endotracheal,EMG)数据。Wu等[12]构建了一个很有潜力的猪实验模型,用它来测试安全性,并且调查在IONM过程中迷走神经(vagus nerve,VN)和RLN刺激的最佳电子强度。他们在连续性刺激VN和RLN 10 min后,并没有发现不常见的电生理或心肺影响。(2)麻醉观察。神经肌肉的阻断药(neuromuscular blocking agents,NMBAs)可以减少IONM过程中声带肌肉的EMG信号。Lu[7,24]以猪作为研究对象,调查了IONM过程中NMBAs的效果,比较了不同药物对喉肌的恢复谱,并且将这一信息引入到临床应用中。(3)新方法的可行性研究。Witzel等[25]运用猪实验模型测试了在经口咽入路甲状腺切除术中,IONM运用的可行性。Schneider等[22]运用猪实验模型测试并证实了运用新的迷走神经卯电极来延续IONM的可行性。(4)神经创伤研究。在IONM过程中产生的RLN创伤有着不同的类型,包括横断损伤[26,27],夹紧损伤和挤压损伤[26,28,29,32],牵拉损伤或压伤[22,26]以及热创伤[22,26,31]都已被研究。并且,他们的EMG信号都被记录并且找到了这些信号和相应神经损伤的联系。
2.2 临床研究当前针对IONM的临床观察研究主要在以下四个方面:(1)麻醉观察时肌肉松弛药的运用(神经肌肉阻滞药,NMBAs)。在全身麻醉时,对患者注射NMBAs是必须的。这样可以获得临床上可接受的气管插管条件,并且还可以阻止喉部的创伤。但是NMBAs还是IONM过程中产生假阴性反应的潜在原因。在以前的研究中,中国研究组已经检测了对患者注射非去极化NMBAs(单剂量的阿曲库铵或罗库溴铵)后,IONM的可行性[33,34]。他们同样证实了95%有效药物剂量的罗库溴铵(0.3 mg/ kg)是IONM的最佳剂量[35]。(2)麻醉观察时EMG气管内导管的安置。气管内导管表面电极的错位将会导致装置故障或监测的失败,并给出错误的信息,这些错误信息将增加RLN创伤发生率。Chiang研究组[36]调查了EMG导管的最佳深度,总结了对如何检测电极异位有参考价值的信息,并且探讨了在手术过程中如何校准导管的深度。另外的研究也发现[8],当患者的头部位置从气管插管的中立位置变成甲状腺手术的全部牵引时,电极即可被移去。因此他们认为当患者被定位之后,应该运用喉镜检测电极的常规位置。(3)创新应用。现阶段一些创新性的IONM应用已被探讨研究,包括:外科手术易错点的阐明以及RLN创伤的机理[37,38];VN刺激技术中,技术问题的解决,RLN损伤的识别,RLN手术后功能的精准监测[6,18,38,39],以及非喉返神经的检测[40-42];早期RLN位置的鉴定[43],鉴定并处置神经结构上的变化[44,45],广阔范围的RLN解剖[46];喉上神经外支(external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve,EBSLN)的监测技术[2];CIONM的可行性分析及具体策略[22]。
针对甲状腺手术来说,现在正处于转型期,即从RLN的形象化识别到RLN的神经生理学识别。在甲状腺手术时,针对患者RLN医师所具备的知识应该包括:RLN解剖学知识、神经的常规图像鉴定、RLN的颈部暴露、手术经验的积累、训练以及手术喉镜观察。可以看到随着时间的流逝,这些知识都在发生变化,并且新的技术也逐步加入到甲状腺手术中。
现在来看IONM仍然有值得研究探讨的问题:(1)需要标准化的手术操作以及更标准的训练来避开手术过程中的常犯错误;(2)对于常见的手术陷阱,医师应具备更深的知识储备,并且具备避免错误排除错误的能力;(3)对RLN神经生理学需做进一步的研究。
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[2016-12-18收稿,2017-01-13修回][本文编辑:韩仲琪]
Applicationandresearchprogressofintraoperativeneuromonitoringtechnologyinthethyroid surgery
REN Wei①,ZHANG Qing-quan,CHEN Ping,et al.①The General Surgery Department of No.15 Hospital of Chinese PLA,Wusu,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 833000,China
The intraoperative neuromonitoring technology(IONM)as an auxiliary means of surgery refers to using neural electrophysiological technique to observe nerve continuity,to monitor nervous system electrophysiological conduction function and to detect neurological injury in the thyroid surgery.If it is difficult to protect laryngeal nerve in thyroid surgery,but IONM is just easy to judge the injury aegree of laryngeal nerve.Now IONM has been widely used in the thyroid surgery at home and abroad.In this paper,authors merely reviewed the recurrent application and research of IONM in the thyroid surgery.
Intraoperative neuromonitoring technology(IONM);Thyroid surgery;Laryngeal nerve
R659
A
10.14172/j.issn1671-4008.2017.06.038
833000新疆乌苏,解放军15医院普外科(任炜,张清泉,陈萍,王林);250031山东济南,原济南军区总医院脊髓修复科(岳冀)
岳冀,Email:xiantuyouni@163.com