程晓静 张葵 符向辉
[摘要] 干燥综合征(SS)是一种累及唾液腺、泪腺等外分泌腺体的慢性炎症性自身免疫性疾病,好发于中年女性,其炎性反应常表现为受损腺体周围淋巴细胞浸润,除口干、眼干外,临床还表现为其他外分泌腺体及腺体外器官受累的多器官损害症状。目前SS的发病机制并不清楚。B细胞高反应性是SS的一个重要的特点,在患者及动物模型中B细胞高反应性及升高的B细胞刺激因子(BAFF)水平可以由某些免疫细胞中BAFF/BAFF受体(BAFF-R)的表达变化引起。此外,BAFF的过表达促使B细胞增殖是SS相关淋巴细胞增殖的额外风险因素,因此掌握BAFF/BAFF-R在SS发病机制方面的作用,能促进新的治疗策略的产生。
[关键词] 干燥综合征;B细胞刺激因子;B细胞刺激因子受体;贝利单抗
[中图分类号] R593.2 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2017)01(c)-0047-05
[Abstract] Sjgren syndrome (SS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving exocrine glands such as salivary glands and lacrimal glands. SS predominantly affects mid-aged females. Patients with SS have abnormal immune response with T and B cells activation and subsequent lymphocytic infiltration in target tissues leading to dry eye and dry mouth. Multiple organs may be affected, causing a broad spectrum of extraglandular manifestations. The pathogenesis of SS is unkown. While B cell hyperactivity is a dominant feature of SS patients. The B cell hyperactivity and elevated levels of B-cell activating factor (BAFF) may be induced by the abnormal expression of BAFF/BAFF receptors (BAFF-R) in certain immune cells in the SS patients and in animal models. The overproduction of serum BAFF, which is a known antiapoptotic cytokine driving B-cell autoreactive clonal expansion, may be an additional risk factor for SS-related lymphoproliferation. Therefore, understanding the role of BAFF/BAFF-R in the pathogenesis of SS may contribute to the generation of new therapeutic strategies.
[Key words] Sjgren syndrome; B-cell activating factor; B-cell activating factor receptors; Belimumab
干燥綜合征(sjgren syndrome,SS)是一种慢性器官特异性自身免疫性疾病,发病率为0.1%~0.4%,男女比例为9∶1,通常在40~50岁发病[1],主要引起唾液腺和泪腺组织中淋巴细胞和单核细胞的浸润[2],临床表现主要为眼干、口干等。SS可以分为两类:原发性SS(primary SS,pSS)和继发性SS(secondary SS,sSS),其中pSS不伴其他结缔组织病,sSS伴有其他结缔组织病,如类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)、系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)等。SS患者常有唾液腺和泪腺组织中腺管周围及血管周围的淋巴细胞浸润,且B细胞高反应性是SS的一个重要的特点,主要表现为高丙种球蛋白血症、多种自身抗体的产生及冷球蛋白血症等[1]。
研究表明B细胞刺激因子(B cell activating factor,BAFF)在B淋巴细胞的生长、成熟和动态平衡中起着至关重要的作用[3]。在SS、RA、SLE等自身免疫病患者血清中BAFF的浓度明显增加[4],且唾液腺组织中上皮细胞、B细胞、T细胞等均可以表达BAFF,因此研究BAFF/BAFF受体(BAFF receptors,BAFF-R)在SS发病机制中的作用,以及进一步探索新型治疗方案以控制SS中BAFF的表达水平非常重要。基于以上目的,本文就SS与BAFF/BAFF-R的关系进行综述。
1 BAFF/BAFF-R的结构
BAFF是肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)亚家族的成员,它可以促进B细胞的生存和成熟,并调节机体免疫应答的发生,包括跨膜蛋白(mBAFF)和可溶性蛋白(sBAFF)两种形式。mBAFF属于Ⅱ型跨膜蛋白,可以经蛋白酶水解从细胞膜上释放成为sBAFF[5-6]。BAFF可以由很多细胞产生,包括抗原呈递细胞(B细胞、单核/巨噬细胞、树突状细胞)、中性粒细胞、上皮细胞以及活化的T淋巴细胞等[5]。
BAFF结合于3种受体,包括BAFF-R、跨膜激活剂及钙调亲环素配体相互作用分子和B细胞成熟抗原[5,7]。BAFF-R在B细胞(除浆细胞)及记忆T细胞中表达,在激活状态下可以特异性地与BAFF结合[5]。BAFF与BAFF-R的结合分为膜结合形式和可溶性结合形式,从而以不同形式激活细胞。B细胞膜上mBAFF也可以通过T细胞表面的BAFF-R刺激T细胞,证明mBAFF在细胞与细胞间有重要作用[6]。另外,sBAFF与BAFF-R结合可以促进炎症介质的表达,同时抑制与巨噬细胞吞噬作用和细胞转移作用等相关联的细胞骨架的运动[8]。
2 BAFF/BAFF-R的功能
在细胞生物学方面,BAFF可诱导改变多种细胞的生物学功能。BAFF与B细胞膜上BAFF-R结合可促进自身反应性B细胞的生存和增殖,有研究表明BAFF可以通过胞外信号调节激酶1/2(extracellular signal-related kinases 1/2,Erk1/2)来调节多种Bcl-2家族成员的表达,且BAFF还可以通过抑制蛋白磷酸酶2A激活Erk1/2通路促进B细胞的生存和增殖[9]。在B細胞中BAFF-R与B细胞受体的相关信号通路有密切联系,并且这两种信号均参与外周血中B细胞的存活和分化、生发中心的形成、血浆细胞的存活和IgG、IgE的转化等过程,并起关键作用[10-11]。然而只有少量特定形式的BAFF是上皮细胞存活所必需的,有研究表明自分泌的BAFF通过与BAFF-R结合参与上皮细胞的凋亡与存活过程,阻断其BAFF-R以促进体外上皮细胞凋亡[12]。
BAFF与BAFF-R结合后激活核因子κB(Nuclear Factor κB,NF-κB)信号通路,且胞内TNF受体结合因子3与BAFF-R结合可以逆转其对NF-κB信号通路的抑制作用,并且释放NF-κB诱导激酶,其中磷酸化的NF-κB抑制子激酶1可以间接激活NF-κB[5],另外,有研究发现SS患者BAFF-R His159Tyr变异的发生率较正常人显著增高,且该变异体也可介导NF-κB信号通路的激活,使NF-κB暴露核定位位点而诱导相关基因转录,从而诱发SS[13]。
3 BAFF在SS动物模型中的作用
目前尚无模型能够充分表现SS患者的疾病特征,但通过BAFF转基因和敲除小鼠模型在SS发病机制中B细胞作用的研究已经取得一定进展。BAFF转基因小鼠模型的主要特点是唾液腺中B细胞的增生和浸润,且其血清中IgG及抗核抗体表达水平增高[14]。有研究发现缺乏淋巴毒素β/δ的BAFF转基因小鼠脾组织的病理也发生改变,其主要表现为边缘区B细胞减少、周围淋巴结增大、以及缺乏T细胞依赖的免疫反应等[15]。缺乏TNF的BAFF转基因小鼠中过渡区Ⅱ型B细胞和边缘区B细胞显著增加,T细胞依赖的免疫应答增强,且B细胞淋巴瘤的发病率也升高[16]。有研究发现NF-κB激活剂1(NF-κB activator 1,ACT1)可以降低自身反应性B细胞的存活率,敲除ACT1后可引起B细胞过度活化,且缺乏ACT1的BALB/C小鼠可以逐渐发展成SLE和SS样系统性自身免疫病,然而通过CD40介导的T细胞依赖性反应可以调控抗SSA和抗SSB抗体的产生[17]。有研究表明在NOD小鼠中封闭BAFF-R可显著减轻唾液腺炎症并降低其抗核抗体滴度[18]。同时,在小鼠模型上分析各种治疗方式的疗效,发现给予贝利单抗(belimumab)49天后开始利妥昔单抗(rituximab)疗程(375 mg/m2,四周1次),可以明显改善SS相关的B细胞增殖[19]。
然而,这些模型缺乏SS的一些特异性临床特征,如女性性别优势、一些自身抗体的产生、唾液腺中T细胞的浸润及除唾液腺以外其他器官B淋巴细胞的浸润等[20],具体体现在以下几个方面:①BAFF小鼠模型唾液腺中浸润的淋巴细胞主要是边缘区B细胞,T细胞的数量极少[21];②在小鼠模型中的SS样的临床表现仅在全身高反应性和淋巴器官中B细胞大量增多的基础上产生的,而SS患者血清中虽然记忆B细胞减少但是B细胞的数量正常[22];③BAFF转基因小鼠的SS样病理变化是T细胞依赖性的[23],并依赖于边缘区B细胞的活化[24]。因此,由于这些原因,目前还不清楚这些机制是否与更复杂的T细胞依赖性自身免疫性反应(例如SS)相关,这就要求进一步探讨BAFF在SS患者中的作用。
4 BAFF在SS中的作用
BAFF由干扰素(interferons,IFN)诱导表达[2],可影响SS动物模型和患者疾病的发生发展。众所周知,BAFF是外周血中B细胞存活的关键[25],在SS的次级和三级淋巴器官生发中心中BAFF的表达也显著升高,另外在病毒感染或I型IFN的刺激的情况下,唾液腺上皮细胞分泌大量BAFF,从而进一步激活B细胞[1]。SS唾液腺细胞中BAFF的高表达也有助于减少B细胞凋亡,但是随后导致的B细胞过度活化增加了非霍奇金淋巴瘤发生的风险[1,26]。干扰素调节因子4(interferon regulatory factor-4,IRF-4)和IRF-8可通过调节BAFF的表达,控制自身反应性B细胞及自身抗体的产生,从而缓解SS症状[27]。且除嗜酸性粒细胞趋化因子和IFN-γ外,BAFF是能够最精确判断患者有无生发中心样结构的生物标志物[18],Li等[28]人观察到IFN-α处理过的SS患者唾液腺上皮细胞中BAFF的表达增加。有研究发现SS患者血清、唾液腺组织和唾液中BAFF表达水平均升高[29-30],且腺体生发中心中BAFF的水平与球蛋白血症、抗SSA/SSB自身抗体滴度相关[31]。另外,BAFF也与单核细胞活化有相关性,有研究发现从SS患者的外周血中分离出的单核细胞也可以产生大量的BAFF[32]和白介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6),同时BAFF-R和调节IL-6表达的转录因子的表达水平也显著增高[33]。
在SS中,B细胞可能以自分泌方式分泌BAFF,通过结合BAFF-R激活B细胞,引发B细胞分泌自身抗体;也可能以旁分泌方式,刺激腺体组织中其它免疫细胞分泌BAFF。Nezos等[34]认为研究SS患者外周血和腺组织的不同变异体BAFF(ΔBAFF)的表达有助于确定其在疾病发生发展中的作用机制,其中ΔBAFF的产生可能由于细胞特异性所致,BAFF/ΔBAFF的比率也在SS发病机制中起重要作用,另有研究表明ΔBAFF可以抑制BAFF的分泌和活性,进一步抑制SS淋巴浸润并改善唾液流率[35]。
一项利妥昔单抗治疗SS的临床试验发现利妥昔单抗治疗SS效果并不显著,且血清中BAFF的水平反而升高[36],因此,在临床应用中贝利单抗的应用尤为重要。最近一项关于贝利单抗的开放性二期临床试验表明:贝利单抗可以减轻患者干燥和腮腺肿大症状,并抑制患者B细胞的激活[37],显著降低患者疾病活动度评分[38-39],但是对于患者唾液腺和泪液的分泌功能的改善无效;除了对临床症状的有效性,贝利单抗还可以减少B细胞各种亚型的水平,规范记忆B细胞BAFF-R的表达,且治疗24周后,BAFF和BAFF-R的表達基本恢复到正常水平,更重要的是,贝利单抗治疗后,患者血清中免疫球蛋白、类风湿因子、抗核抗体的表达减少,补体C4的表达升高,并且可以维持到整个疗程结束[40]。另外Raphaèle等[41]研究者通过检测贝利单抗治疗后患者的血清和唇腺活检,发现患者体内NK细胞的增多加强了患者对贝利单抗的有效应答。
5 小结
SS是一种慢性自身免疫性疾病,其发病机制目前尚不清楚,然而B细胞的高反应性是SS的一个重要特点。BAFF特异性地与其受体结合,对B细胞的存活、增殖、发育和分化起着关键作用,且BAFF的异常表达与SS患者血清中自身抗体的产生呈正相关关系,可见,对BAFF及其受体BAFF-R的进行深入研究,有助于阐明SS的相关发病机制,并进一步为SS的治疗提供新思路。
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(收稿日期:2016-10-19 本文編辑:李岳泽)