丁柱良 吴智勇
·综述·
乳腺癌孤立性局部区域复发的诊断和治疗
丁柱良 吴智勇*
乳腺癌孤立性局部区域复发受多种危险因素影响,虽然预示着随后可能出现远处转移,然而经过规范的诊断和治疗,仍可获得较好的局部控制率和远期生存率。其复发具有较大的临床异质性,因而治疗也应根据不同的情况选择合理的局部治疗和全身治疗手段,达到改善患者生活质量和提高远期生存的目的。
乳腺肿瘤;肿瘤复发,局部;诊疗
乳腺癌局部复发是指早期乳腺癌保乳或全乳切除术后同侧乳腺和(或)胸壁再次出现肿瘤,区域复发是指患侧的淋巴引流区域再次出现肿瘤,范围包括锁骨上下、腋窝及内乳淋巴结区域。孤立性局部区域复发(isolated local⁃regional recur⁃rence,ILRR)是指局部⁃区域复发时,通过常规检查手段没有发现其他部位的转移。
早期乳腺癌试验协作组(EBCTCG)的研究表明,早期乳腺癌保乳术后10年局部区域复发率在放疗组和非放疗组中分别为8.0%和25.0%[1],全乳切除术后淋巴结阴性患者中10年局部区域复发率在放疗组和非放疗组中分别为1.6%和3.0%,而在淋巴结阳性患者中分别为8.1%和26.0%[2]。总体而言,保乳术后的孤立性局部复发率明显高于全乳切除术后,欧洲癌症治疗研究组织(EORTC)[3]对3602名早期乳腺癌患者的多因素分析结果表明,保乳手术是孤立性局部区域复发的危险因素,其风险比为1.82(95%CI,1.17 to 2.86)。乳腺癌术后局部区域复发受多种因素的影响,不同的研究得到的危险因素也不尽相同,较为公认的危险因素为低龄、较晚的分期、脉管浸润、分子分型等。Veronesi等[4]报导了一项米兰癌症中心2233名患者的回顾性研究,对比年龄大于65岁的患者,年龄小于35岁的乳腺癌患者局部区域复发的风险比为3.777,肿瘤直径大于2 cm对比小于0.5 cm的风险比为3.159,同时复发的风险与淋巴结转移的数量呈正相关。Buchanan等[5]的另一项回顾性研究表明,Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期对比Ⅰ期乳腺癌分别增加了4%和10%的绝对LRR率,脉管浸润患者增加了9%的复发率,小于35岁患者增加了7%的绝对LRR率。Nguyen等[6]通过793名保乳术后患者的多因素发现HER⁃2过表达型(HR=9.2;95%CI,1.6 to 51;P=0.012)和三阴型(HR=7.1;95%CI,1.6 to 31;P=0.009)显著增加了局部⁃区域复发率。一项入组了12592名乳腺癌术后患者的meta分析证实,对于保乳术后患者,luminal型对比三阴型和Her⁃2过表达型降低了60%以上的LRR率,而全切术后患者,亦可降低30%以上的LRR率[7],同时其无病间隔亦远远长于其它分子分型患者[8]。目前,对于21基因复发指数能否预测LRR率仍有较大争议,尽管有部分回顾性研究发现高RS患者有着更高的局部域复发率[9],但一项前瞻性随机对照试验[10]显示,RS作为LRR独立危险因素仍缺乏令人信服的证据。
及时地发现乳腺癌孤立性局部区域复发,有助于及早处理复发,改善患者生存。病人和医生定期的视诊和触诊是必不可少的,体表的复发结节往往可以通过视诊和触诊发现。然而,大约有40%的无症状孤立性局部复发患者是在常规影像检查中发现的[11],因而定期的检查对发现ILRR患者十分重要,常规的影像检查包括乳腺钼靶检查(保乳患者)和超声检查。尽管上述方法能够发现大部分的复发患者,然而仍然有少部分人会出现假阴性,乳腺MRI能够提高LRR患者的检出率,尤其是保乳术后患者,MRI对复发结节与术后或放疗后组织的正常改变的鉴别优于钼靶[12,13]。
凡是临床发现可疑结节的患者,均应通过穿刺活检或手术切除活检[14]确定是否为复发结节,B超引导下穿刺活检在保乳术后同侧乳房出现可疑结节或钙化点的鉴别诊断很有意义。应常规测定复发结节的激素受体状态和HER⁃2状态,尤其是初发病灶分子分型不确定的患者。确定为肿瘤局部区域复发的患者,进行完整全面的检查以评估有无合并远处转移是必须的,因为合并远处转移的局部区域复发患者,其局部治疗的价值和ILLR是完全不同的。
乳腺癌术后孤立性局部区域复发有较大的临床异质性,因既往手术方式、系统治疗、是否放疗、复发范围和复发时间间隔等不同而不同,因而治疗也应根据不同的情况区别对待。
3.1 保乳手术后同侧乳房复发的局部治疗
对于可手术的保乳术后孤立性局部复发患者,挽救性乳房全切术是标准的局部治疗手段,可以获得69%~98%的5年局部控制率和约53%~85%的总生存率[15;16]。如果初次手术时未行腋窝淋巴结清扫术,可同时清扫I、II组淋巴结。
尽管挽救性乳房全切术是简单可靠的处理措施,然而越来越多的临床试验证实,在经过严格选择的病人中,二次保乳手术加术后部分乳房照射代替乳房全切术可以获得与全乳切除相似的局部控制率和生存率[17⁃20],进行二次保乳应该严格挑选局部复发风险相对较低的患者。Gentilini[21]对161名孤立性局部区域复发后接受二次保乳手术的患者进行了回顾性分析发现,复发肿瘤≤2 cm和无病间隔大于48个月的患者能够获得更好的局部控制率,其HR分别为3.3和1.9。目前对于哪一部分的病人可以进行二次保乳,仍缺乏明确的标准,有待进一步的研究。
二次保乳后必须予术后乳房照射减少术后复发,然而二次放疗带来的副作用也在一定程度上影响了患者的生活质量。为减少二次放疗的副作用,目前倾向于使用近距离照射技术,其中欧洲GEC⁃ESTRO的多中心研究入组了217名患者,采用了多管插植近距离治疗获得良好的治疗效果,中位随访时间46.8月,其10年保险统计局部控制率为93%,OS为76%,放疗3~4度并发症发生率仅为11%[22]。
3.2 乳房切除术后胸壁复发的局部治疗
乳房切除术后胸壁复发可分为局限性复发和弥漫性复发,对于可手术的局限性复发患者,如果以前未行放疗的,最佳治疗方式是根治性切除加放疗,术后放疗对比单纯放疗,其局部控制率和5年生存率均有明显获益[23]。首次复发患者,如果仅仅行小野照射仍有64%的5年胸壁复发率,而行全胸壁照射胸壁复发率仅为25%[24],因而,放疗范围应包括患侧全胸壁和锁骨上/下淋巴引流区,其5年局部控制率为77%,5年DFS和OS分别为41%和55%[25],在标准放疗方案的50GY/25次分割基础上增加剂量没有带来明显的获益[25]。
目前,乳房切除术后胸壁复发再次放疗的价值仍需进一步探索。应慎重考虑两次放疗的间隔,正常组织的改变程度,衡量再次放疗的获益与风险,再行决定。Wahl等[26]对81例乳房切除术后胸壁复发予再次放疗,中位随访时间12个月,无一例出现治疗相关性死亡,仅有4例出现3/4级不良事件,总体反应率为57%。同时再次放疗联合局部热疗能进一步提高局部反应率[27]。对于不可手术的局限性复发或弥漫性复发患者,全身治疗是首选的治疗方法,部分患者全身治疗后可以获得手术机会。
3.3 孤立性腋窝淋巴结复发的局部治疗
腋窝清扫是主要的治疗手段,若既往已行腋窝清扫,则对复发灶切除即可,可以获得较好的局部控制率和远期生存[28]。既往未行术后放疗的患者,需对锁骨上下引流区和胸壁进行预防性照射。
3.4 孤立性锁骨上淋巴结复发的局部治疗
锁骨上淋巴结转移对比其它局部区域复发患者预后较差[29]。Pergolizzi等[29]发现对比单纯化疗,化疗结合锁骨上下引流区的放疗能够带好更好的无进展生存和总生存获益。丹麦乳腺癌合作组的305名无合并远处转移的的锁骨上淋巴结复发患者的中位25个月随访资料表明,局部治疗联合全身治疗对比单纯全身治疗,其完全缓解率分别为67%和48%,其中手术清扫锁骨上淋巴结的完全缓解率为76%,结果表明局部治疗联合全身治疗能够带来更好的PFS和OS[30]
3.5 全身治疗
可手术的孤立性复发患者,过去对于全身化疗的获益是有较大争议的,因此由Aebi等发起一项前瞻性随机对照CALOR试验[31]旨在评估孤立性复发患者根治术后放疗后全身化疗的价值,化疗组推荐使用3~6个月的联合化疗方案,结果显示联合化疗对比非化疗组显著提高了5年DFS(HR,0.59;95%CI,0.35 to 0.99;P=0.046)和OS(HR,0.41;95%CI,0.19 to 0.89;P=0.02)。亚组分析显示全身化疗显著提高了复发肿瘤ER受体阴性患者的5年DFS(HR,0.32;95%CI,0.14 to 0.73)和OS(HR,0.43;95%CI,0.15 to 1.24),而在复发肿瘤ER受体阳性患者,化疗组没有明显获益。该试验证实了全身化疗在可手术的孤立性复发患者中的作用。
SAKK的一项三期随机试验[32]表明,复发肿瘤根治术后放疗后激素受体阳性患者使用他莫昔芬内分泌治疗,明显改善了绝经后患者的5年DFS(P=0.006),但是DFS获益没有转变为总生存获益,这可能与绝经后患者的死亡原因更多是非乳腺癌相关的因素。令人意外绝经前的妇女没有从应用TAM中获益,这可能是受限于入组人数的原因,仍待进一步的研究。
孤立性局部区域复发HER⁃2阳性患者的抗HER⁃2治疗目前的研究极少,对于曲妥珠单抗的应用可以参考Her⁃2复发转移乳腺癌的治疗,没有曲妥珠单抗耐药的情况上,推荐使用曲妥珠单抗治疗,联合紫杉类化疗疗效更佳[33]。
乳腺癌孤立性局部区域复发的预后受多种因素影响。保乳术后同侧乳房复发患者预后较好,而全乳切除术后胸壁复发预后则相对较差,往往提示着随后可能出现远处转移。Shenouda等[34]对220名ILRR患者进行了长期的随访,其中保乳术后ILRR患者治疗后其中位无病间隔为79个月,而全乳切除术后ILRR患者仅为38个月,前者的5年和8年OS分别为81%和69%,而后者为61%和46%。两者5年无远处转移(DMFS)率分别为84%和60%。
Schmoor[35]对来自四个前瞻性研究的337名ILRR患者进行了分析,中位随访时间为4.5年,结果显示首诊时淋巴结转移个数较少、原发肿瘤的肿瘤分级较低、雌激素受体阳性和无病间隔较长的患者能够获得更好的DFS和OS。Monique[36]的一项研究通过多因素分析发现影响ILRR患者死亡的三个独立预后因素是:肿瘤的组织学分级,初诊乳腺癌时的年龄和无病间隔。
规范的术后随访复查有助于及早发现乳腺癌孤立性局部区域复发。乳腺癌孤立性局部区域复发具有显著的临床异质性,治疗上应根据不同的临床指标选择个体化的局部治疗和全身治疗。局部治疗是孤立性局部区域复发的重要手段,CAL⁃OR试验首次证实了孤立性复发患者根治术后化疗的价值,分子靶向和内分泌治疗对表达相应生物标记物的个体不可或缺。全乳切除术后孤立性局部区域复发比保乳术后复发预后差,前者的最佳治疗策略值得深入研究。
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Diagnosis and treatment of isolated locoregional breast cancer recurrences
DING Zhuliang,WU Zhiyong.Department ofDiagnosisand Treatment Center ofBreast Disease,Shantou Central Hospital,Shantou 51500,China.Corresponding author:WU Zhiyong,stwuzy@163.com
Isolated Locoregional Breast Cancer Recurrences is subject to various risk factors. While it indicates the potential of distantmetastasis,favorable local control rate and long⁃term survival rate could be expected with standard diagnosis and treatment.Given the high clinical heterogeneity of such recurrence,local and systemic therapies should be selected as appropriate for the patient's specific condition,in an effort to improve patient’s quality of life and long⁃term survival.
breastneoplasms;neoplasm recurrence,local;diagnosis and treatment
R737.9
A
10.3969/j.issn.1009⁃976X.2017.03.031
2017-04-18
广东省2014年扬帆计划项目(粤财教(2014)171号)
515000广东汕头汕头市中心医院乳腺疾病诊疗中心
*通讯作者:吴智勇,Email:stwuzy@163.com