老年男性系统性红斑狼疮长期误诊分析

2017-03-06 10:13俞传琪
临床误诊误治 2017年4期
关键词:关节痛狼疮药物性

俞传琪,宗 雪,张 翀

老年男性系统性红斑狼疮长期误诊分析

俞传琪,宗 雪,张 翀

目的 探讨临床表现不典型的系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE)的临床特点。方法 对我院收治的1例误诊为淋巴结结核的SLE患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 患者为78岁男性,因泡沫尿、夜尿增多伴反复口腔溃疡1年入我院。3年前因多发纵隔淋巴结增大,行淋巴结活检诊断为淋巴结结核,转结核病专科医院予抗结核治疗效果不佳。入我院后查抗核抗体和抗双链DNA抗体阳性,外周血三系降低,并结合关节痛、反复口腔溃疡等多系统受累表现,确诊为SLE。予糖皮质激素治疗,病情明显改善。结论 部分SLE患者症状不典型,尤以男性为主。对于不明原因的外周血三系下降伴口腔溃疡、关节痛、淋巴结增大的老年患者,应警惕SLE可能,及时行免疫学检查,避免临床漏误诊。

系统性红斑狼疮;淋巴结结核;男性;误诊

系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE)是一种累及多脏器、多系统的自身免疫性疾病,症状不典型,男性由于发病率低,误诊率较高[1-2]。我院近期收治1例老年男性SLE,曾在某大型三甲医院误诊为淋巴结结核,误诊时间3年余,在我院诊断SLE并给予相应治疗后症状明显改善,现回顾其诊疗过程如下。

1 病例资料

男,78岁。因泡沫尿、夜尿增多伴反复口腔溃疡、脱发1年,加重1个月入院。1年前患者出现泡沫尿、夜尿增多,未重视。近期夜尿增多加重,每晚7次左右,伴关节痛(主要为双膝关节),反复口腔溃疡,脱发,病程中无发热、咳嗽、咳痰、腹痛、腹泻、皮疹等表现。来我科门诊就诊,查血白细胞5.4×109/L,红细胞3.6×1012/L,血红蛋白112 g/L,血小板69×109/L。以外周血三系减低原因待查收入院。追问病史,患者3年前因2个月内体重下降10 kg至某医院诊治,查外周血三系下降(白细胞3.45×109/L、红细胞3.65×1012/L、血小板84×109/L);骨髓病理检查示:骨髓增生极度低下,局部网状纤维轻度增生;骨髓细胞学检查示:红系偏低,少量幼稚淋巴细胞(0.004)。该院血液科会诊考虑外周血三系轻度下降,暂无需处理,注意随访血常规。进一步行正电子发射型计算机断层扫描(PET-CT)示:纵隔内多发淋巴结增大,脱氧葡萄糖(FDG)摄取增高,脾脏增大伴FDG摄取轻度增高,考虑淋巴瘤可能。胸腔镜下行纵隔淋巴结活检报告示:上纵隔淋巴结呈上皮样细胞肉芽肿样变,可见干酪样坏死,考虑淋巴结结核。转某结核病专科医院给予抗结核治疗(异烟肼、利福贲丁、乙胺丁醇及自制结核丸),2个月后患者出现皮疹,以四肢为主,伴有瘙痒,考虑药物过敏,给予抗过敏药物治疗后皮疹有所改善。患者抗结核治疗后症状无明显改善,复查血常规仍呈三系下降,5个月后自行停用抗结核药物。

本次入院查体:体温37℃,脉搏80/min,呼吸20/min,血压120/80 mmHg。全身皮肤无皮疹,口腔可见散在溃疡,双侧颈部、颌下、锁骨上、腋下未触及增大淋巴结。两肺呼吸音清,未闻及明显干湿啰音;心脏听诊未见异常。腹平软,无压痛,肝脾肋下未触及。双下肢无水肿。查血白细胞3.9×109/L,红细胞3.55×1012/L,血红蛋白103 g/L,血小板55×109/L,红细胞沉降率26 mm/h;白蛋白41.2 g/L,球蛋白35.1 g/L;血肌酐74 μmol/L;抗核抗体(ANA)效价1∶160,抗双链DNA抗体及抗着丝点抗体均阳性;免疫球蛋白(Ig)G 21.1 g/L,补体C3 0.64 g/L,补体C4 0.24 g/L;核周型抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体阳性,胞浆型抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体阴性,蛋白酶 3抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体102.94 RU/ml,髓过氧化物酶抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体115.22 RU/ml,抗GBM抗体48.42 RU/ml;24 h尿量1200 ml,24 h尿蛋白定量156.12 mg;尿蛋白电泳:球蛋白0.079,微球蛋白0.178,白蛋白0.743,提示混合型蛋白尿。胸部CT增强扫描示:右肺下叶轻度炎性变,右侧胸膜点状钙化,两肺多枚小结节,炎性病灶可能。腹部超声检查示:肝稍大,脾大。根据患者ANA、抗双链DNA抗体阳性,外周血三系降低,以及关节痛、反复口腔溃疡等临床表现,经风湿免疫科会诊,确诊SLE。予泼尼松25 mg/d、羟氯喹100 mg每日2次口服,症状逐步缓解,出院后继续用药。2个月后复查,患者关节痛、口腔溃疡、脱发减轻,免疫学指标及血常规较前改善:ANA效价1∶80,IgG 15.4 g/L,补体C3 0.71 g/L,补体C4 0.25 g/L;血白细胞7.1×109/L,红细胞4.16×1012/L,血红蛋白127 g/L,血小板87×109/L,红细胞沉降率17 mm/h。4个月后复查24 h尿蛋白阴性。

2 讨论

2.1 疾病特点 SLE以多系统损害为特征,好发于年轻女性,男女发病比例为1︰5~1︰9,男性SLE出现症状及确诊年龄均较女性晚,误诊率、病死率较女性高[3-6]。男性SLE特征性表现如面部盘状或蝶形红斑、皮疹、雷诺现象、口腔溃疡、关节炎等,较女性少见[7-9],血液系统损害[10-12]、肾脏损害、中枢神经系统损害等较女性多见且程度重[13-16],ANA、抗双链DNA抗体、抗SM抗体、抗心磷脂抗体等指标阳性率高[17]。本例以血液系统损害为主要表现,伴淋巴结增大,ANA、抗双链DNA抗体阳性,IgG升高,补体降低,临床特点与前述文献报道相符。

2.2 诊断分析 该患者3年前初诊于一三甲医院,当时即发现外周血三系减低、皮疹等表现,但未受到重视,疏忽了对病情的综合分析,亦未行免疫学检查。尽管患者在该院作为疑难病例多次会诊讨论,最终仅根据淋巴结活检结果诊断为淋巴结结核,但系统抗结核治疗并无确切效果。患者本次因泡沫尿、夜尿增多1年收治我科,结合患者伴关节痛、反复口腔溃疡、脱发、外周血三系减低等多系统损害表现,查ANA和抗双链DNA抗体阳性,根据1997年美国风湿病学会制定的SLE诊断标准,本例满足11项诊断要点中的5项(关节痛、反复口腔溃疡、血液系统疾病、免疫学异常、ANA阳性),可确诊SLE。因SLE亦可出现多发淋巴结增大,该患者3年前出现的淋巴结增大与其他SLE症状同时存在,还是SLE造成的淋巴结增大?由于干酪样坏死是结核病特征性表现,只有推翻淋巴结结核病理诊断,才能考虑淋巴结增大是SLE症状的一部分。但由于时间久远,无法获得当初淋巴结病理片重新阅片,所以该患者为单纯SLE或SLE合并结核,我们不能定论。

2.3 肾损害原因分析 该患者肾损害较轻,肾小球滤过率正常,但肾小管损伤表现较突出,包括尿浓缩稀释功能减退、小分子蛋白尿等,而肾小球损伤相对较轻,也正因为此,我们未行肾活检。根据SLE诊断标准,24 h尿蛋白达0.5 g以上才能作为SLE的诊断依据,且患者以肾小管功能障碍为主,故未将肾脏病变列入该患者的诊断依据。如前所述,该患者肾小管损伤可能为SLE肾小管损伤或药物性肾小管损伤。SLE肾损害虽以肾小球病变为主,但肾小管病变并非罕见。患者予糖皮质激素等药物治疗4个月后24 h尿蛋白转阴,但夜尿增多症状未见明显改善,且患者夜尿增多症状出现于抗结核治疗中后期,考虑患者肾小管损伤为抗结核药物引起的药物性损伤可能性大。

2.4 SLE病因鉴别 患者在服用异烟肼等抗结核药物后出现SLE相关症状,是否可能为异烟肼所诱导的药物性狼疮?药物性狼疮是指由于服用药物后出现发热、皮疹、关节痛、浆膜炎、ANA及抗组蛋白抗体阳性等类似狼疮样表现的一种临床综合征,好发于老年患者。异烟肼被明确认为是可以诱导药物性狼疮的药物。与普通SLE相比,药物性狼疮引起肾脏和中枢神经系统损害较少,较多表现为亚急性皮肤红斑狼疮型,可有发热、体重下降等全身症状,多数患者可有非炎症性对称性关节疼痛,但口腔溃疡、脱发、雷诺现象较SLE少见。而且95%的药物性狼疮患者出现抗组蛋白抗体、抗单链DNA抗体阳性率较高,但抗SM抗体和抗双链DNA抗体多为阴性,补体C3、C4水平多正常[18-19]。以上药物性狼疮的临床特征与该患者基本不符,且患者病初未服用抗结核药物时即出现外周血三系下降,虽当时未行免疫学检查,但该患者为异烟肼诱发的药物性狼疮可能性不大。

综上,SLE患者部分症状不典型,男性患者尤为明显,皮疹、关节痛等典型症状出现率低,较易漏误诊[20-24]。故对于不明原因的外周血三系下降伴口腔溃疡、关节痛、淋巴结增大的老年男性患者应警惕SLE的可能,及时行免疫学检查,避免漏误诊。

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Misdiagnosis Analysis of One Elderly Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

YU Chuan-qi, ZONG Xue, ZHANG Chong

(Department of Nephrology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China)

Objective To discuss diagnosis and treatment of atypical systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods Clinical data of one SLE patient misdiagnosed as having lymph node tuberculosis was retrospectively analyzed. Results A 78-years-old male was admitted for foamy urine, increasing nocturia and repeat oral ulcer for one year. The patient was misdiagnosed as having lymph node tuberculosis for multiple mediastinal lymph nodes enlargement 3 years ago by result of lymph node biopsy, but symptoms failed to alleviate by anti-tuberculosis therapy after transferring to tuberculosis hospital. After admission in our hospital, results of antinuclear antibodies and anti-double-stranded DNA antibody were positive, and leukocytes, erythrocytes and hemoglobin levels in peripheral blood were decreased, and he had multiple organ injuries such as joint pain and repeat mouth ulcers, and then SLE was confirmed. Symptoms were relieved, and immunological indexes and leukocytes, erythrocytes and hemoglobin levels in peripheral blood were significantly improved after glucocorticoids treatment. Conclusion Part of SLE patients have atypical symptoms, especially in male patients, and therefore it is easily misdiagnosed. Clinicians should consider a diagnosis of SLE for elderly patients with unexplained decline in leukocytes, erythrocytes and hemoglobin levels in peripheral blood associated by oral ulcers, joint pain and lymph nodes enlargement, and immunological test should be performed as early as possible to avoid misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis.

Systemic lupus erythematosus; lymph node tuberculosis; Male; Misdiagnosis

200092 上海,上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院肾脏科

张翀,E-mail:zhangchongzc@gmail.com

R593.241

A

1002-3429(2017)04-0028-04

10.3969/j.issn.1002-3429.2017.04.010

2016-08-23 修回时间:2017-01-25)

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