尹优聪,李元建
(中南大学药学院药理学系,湖南长沙 410078)
·综 述·
降钙素基因相关肽介导的药物药理学效应
尹优聪,李元建
(中南大学药学院药理学系,湖南长沙 410078)
降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)是感觉神经纤维释放的主要神经递质,广泛分布于中枢和外周组织。在心血管系统,CGRP除了强效舒血管作用外,还能保护缺血心肌,减轻心脏重构。硝酸甘油的抗心绞痛作用及吴茱萸次碱的降压作用和减轻心脏重构作用均与促进CGRP合成与释放有关。在胃肠道,CGRP参与胃肠功能的调节并能减轻胃黏膜损伤,吴茱萸次碱、辣椒素及其衍生物通过促进CGRP的合成和释放对多种因素诱导的胃黏膜损伤具有保护作用。
降钙素基因相关肽;硝酸甘油;吴茱萸次碱;辣椒素;沙坦类药物
降钙素基因相关肽(calcitonin gene-related peptide,CGRP)是第一个通过基因重组和生物合成的神经多肽,由37个氨基酸组成,有α和β两种亚型,分别由降钙素/α-CGRP基因与β-CGRP基因编码。CGRP为辣椒素敏感感觉神经的主要递质,在神经元胞体合成,储存于神经末梢。CGRP的合成与释放受多种因素调节,瞬时受体电位通道香草酸1型(transient receptor potential channel vanilloid type 1,TRPV1)又称辣椒素受体亚型1(vanilloid receptor subtype1,VR1)是调节CGRP合成与释放的关键受体[1]。TRPV1结合位点位于细胞膜内侧,其内源性配体花生四烯酸乙醇胺(anandamide)经转运体运载进入胞内才发挥作用[2]。CGRP与CGRP受体相互作用而发挥效应。CGRP具有广泛而复杂的生物学效应。在神经组织,CGRP与神经痛和偏头痛发作有关;在心血管系统,CGRP除了调节血管张力,维持循环稳定外,还能减轻缺血损伤,抑制心肌成纤维细胞增殖及心脏重构[3];在胃肠道,CGRP对胃黏膜具有保护作用[4-5]。CGRP参与多种心血管疾病如高血压、心肌梗死、心衰和肺动脉高压等的病理生理过程,应用外源性CGRP可治疗高血压、肺动脉高压、急性肺损伤、脑和心脏缺血再灌注损伤和慢性心力衰竭等疾病[3,6-9],推测影响内源性CGRP合成和释放可能是寻找药物的新途径。
硝酸甘油是治疗心绞痛的经典药物,目前临床除了治疗心绞痛外,也用于治疗慢性心功能不全。研究证明,硝酸甘油对缺血性心肌病与慢性心功能不全的治疗作用涉及CGRP途径。
1.1 CGRP介导硝酸甘油的抗心绞痛作用
硝酸甘油通过舒张小静脉,减少回心血量,减轻心室壁张力,降低心肌耗氧量;另一方面,硝酸甘油舒张冠状动脉,增加心肌缺血区供血而发挥抗心绞痛作用。已知硝酸甘油在线粒体乙醛脱氢酶(aldehyde dehydrogenase,ALDH)催化下释放一氧化氮(NO)而产生舒血管效应[10]。近年来,我们发现,硝酸甘油治疗心绞痛的机制与CGRP的释放有关。离体血管实验表明,硝酸甘油的舒血管作用可被CGRP受体阻断剂(CGRP8-37)或辣椒素(耗竭CGRP)所消除[11-13];在在体动物,硝酸甘油的降压作用同样因被预先给予辣椒素耗竭CGRP所消除[14]。为了在人体证明硝酸甘油通过CGRP介导的舒血管作用,以ALDH多态性为切入点,将健康个体按ALDH基因型分2组,即ALDH2×1/×1组(正常野生型纯合子,ALDH 504位为谷氨酸,酶活性高)和ALDH2×2组(携带突变等位体,ALDH 504位为赖氨酸,酶活性降低),2组个体分别舌下含服硝酸甘油,正常野生型纯合子的个体产生显著降压的同时血中CGRP的浓度显著升高,而携带突变等位体的个体其降压及CGRP血浓度低于前者[15]。另有研究表明,硝酸甘油的抗血栓作用也是继发于促CGRP释放[16]。这些发现支持硝酸甘油通过释放NO进而促进CGRP释放而产生抗心绞痛作用的假说[17]。
1.2 CGRP介导硝酸甘油对缺血性心肌的保护作用
心脏缺血一定时间后复灌加剧缺血心肌损伤的现象称为缺血再灌注损伤。心脏缺血前给予短暂缺血刺激能减轻随后较长时间缺血所致心脏损伤,这一现象称为缺血预适应。缺血预适应对缺血心肌保护作用的机制是通过缺血刺激心脏释放某些内源性活性物质而发挥作用,腺苷和CGRP被称为内源性心肌保护物质。研究证明,心脏短暂缺血可促进CGRP释放,CGRP受体阻断剂或辣椒素均能消除缺血预适应的心脏保护(改善心功能、缩小心肌梗死面积和减少肌酸激酶释放)[18]。已知TRPV1受体为温度敏感受体,即高温能激活该受体,我们推测高温预适应对缺血心肌的保护作用也可能与促进CGRP释放有关。实验表明,CGRP受体阻断剂或预先应用辣椒素均能消除高温预适应对缺血心肌的保护作用[13]。依据硝酸甘油能释放CGRP,我们推测给予硝酸甘油预处理(促进内源性CGRP释放)可能模拟缺血预适应产生心脏保护,这已在在体动物与离体心脏所证实[19]。
1.3 CGRP介导硝酸甘油治疗慢性心功能不全
慢性心功能不全也被称为慢性心力衰竭,是由各种器质性或功能性心脏疾病损害了心室的充盈或射血能力而导致的一种复杂的综合征。慢性心功能不全的病理过程涉及血流动力学改变,药物可通过扩张血管(动脉与静脉)影响血流动力学而改善心功能。硝酸酯类药物是目前临床治疗慢性心功能不全的一类重要药物。硝酸甘油通过舒张小静脉,减少回心血量,减轻心室壁张力,提高左心室顺应性,增强心肌收缩力,增加输出量而改善心功能。文献报道,硝酸甘油治疗慢性心功能不全的作用也通过CGRP途径所介导。研究中,将患者按基因型分为两组,ALDH2×1×1组和ALDH2×2组。试验结果表明,与ALDH2×2突变体携带者比较,ALDH2×1×1纯合子组硝酸甘油的降压与改善左心室射血分数作用明显,同时血中CGRP水平显著升高[20]。
1.4 CGRP介导硝酸甘油的耐受
硝酸甘油连续应用一定时间产生耐受,但其机制尚未明了。以前认为硝酸甘油耐受与消耗组织细胞巯基(-SH)有关,因为应用含-SH的药物如卡托普利或N-乙酰半胱氨酸能部分逆转药物耐受[21]。近年研究表明,硝酸甘油耐受与其诱导氧化应激(活性氧生成)抑制ALDH2活性,减少NO释放,导致其舒血管作用减弱有关[22]。CGRP介导硝酸甘油的舒血管效应,该药耐受也可能与NO释放减少进而减少CGRP释放有关。在在体动物与离体血管实验均已证明,硝酸甘油耐受时CGRP释放显著减少的同时舒血管作用减弱,且含-SH药物(抗氧化作用)部分逆转耐受的同时NO和CGRP水平显著增高[23]。
已知外周血管阻力主要受交感缩血管神经(去甲肾上腺素)与感觉舒血管神经(CGRP)所调节,因而人们推测感觉舒血管神经递质CGRP的合成与释放减少可能促进高血压的发生发展。研究表明,在α-CGRP基因敲除的动物,基础血压增高[24];无论苯酚诱发高血压大鼠还是自发性高血压大鼠血中CGRP水平显著降低[2,25];临床研究发现,原发性高血压与妊娠高血压患者血中CGRP显著低于健康对照者[2]。
CGRP释放受多种内源性活性物质〔如NO、缓激肽、神经肽Y和血管紧张素Ⅱ(angiotensinⅡ,AngⅡ)等〕调节,其中AngⅡ通过激动突出前膜血管紧张素受体1(AT1受体)抑制CGRP释放。沙坦类是AT1受体阻断药,阻止AngⅡ收缩血管与刺激醛固酮分泌,降低外周血管阻力而降低血压。基于AngⅡ激动AT1受体能减少CGRP的释放,人们推测沙坦类药物阻断AT1受体可促进CGRP释放。国外学者和我们工作均证明,在自发性高血压大鼠沙坦类药物降血压的同时血中、心脏和肾组织CGRP水平显著增高,背根神经节CGRP表达上调[26-27]。这些结果表明,沙坦类药物的降压机制也涉及CGRP途径。
吴茱萸次碱是从临床治疗高血压的传统中药吴茱萸果实中提取的有效活性成分,具有广泛的药理作用,包括舒张血管,减轻心肌缺血损伤,抑制血栓形成,保护胃黏膜等。近年研究表明,吴茱萸次碱通过激动辣椒素受体,促进CGRP的合成与释放而发挥作用。
3.1 CGRP介导吴茱萸次碱的抗高血压作用
早期实验发现,在离体豚鼠心脏吴茱萸次碱的正性肌力与正性频率作用可被CGRP受体阻断药(CGRP8-37)消除;随后研究表明,吴茱萸次碱的舒血管作用可被TRPV1受体阻断剂消除,提示吴茱萸次碱的心血管作用是通过激活TRPV1受体促进CGRP释放而发挥效应[28]。依据CGRP为强效舒血管神经递质,CGRP与高血压发生发展密切相关,而吴茱萸次碱能激动TRPV1促进CGRP的释放,我们推测CGRP可能介导吴茱萸次碱的抗高血压作用。动物实验表明,在自发性高血压大鼠和苯酚诱导高血压大鼠模型中,吴茱萸次碱促进CGRP合成与释放的同时血中CGRP显著增高,预先应用辣椒素耗竭CGRP后,吴茱萸次碱的降压作用被消除[29-30]。
肺动脉高压是以肺动脉毛细血管阻塞导致的持久性肺动脉升高为特点的慢性呼吸系统疾病。肺动脉高压的发病机制尚未完全阐明,平滑肌细胞的增殖和迁移所引起的血管重构是促进肺动脉高压形成的主要原因。肺动脉高压时血中CGRP含量降低,不仅见于成年动物也见于新生大鼠。研究表明,新生大鼠持续低氧3周能够引起持续性肺动脉高压并伴有血浆CGRP水平的下降[31],还发现靶向敲除CGRP受体基因能够加重低氧诱导的肺动脉高压[32]。CGRP除了具有舒血管作用还能抑制血管平滑肌细胞的增殖,抑制血管重构,其机制与其抑制细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶1/2(extracellular signal regulated kinase1/2,ERK1/2)信号通路有关[3]。外源性CGRP可浓度依赖性地抑制低氧诱导的平滑肌细胞的增殖。利用腺病毒载体将CGRP基因导入肺组织,显著降低低氧诱导的肺动脉高压大鼠的肺血管阻力,改善肺血管重构[33];另有研究表明,CGRP基因导入内皮祖细胞可减轻肺动脉高压和血管重构[34]。基于CGRP在肺动脉高压中发挥重要作用,推测促进CGRP释放的吴茱萸次碱也可能缓解肺动脉高压。研究发现,在野百合碱或低氧诱发的肺动脉高压大鼠,吴茱萸次碱升高血中CGRP的同时减轻肺纤维化,改善肺动脉高压[35]。
3.3 CGRP介导吴茱萸次碱抑制心脏重构
心脏重构是机体应对心室压力负荷增高的一种代偿反应,其主要病理变化包括心肌肥厚、心肌细胞肥大、心肌成纤维细胞增殖和心肌纤维化等。心肌成纤维细胞数占心脏细胞总数的60%~70%,在心脏重构中发挥重要作用。病理状态下,诱导心肌成纤维细胞增殖,并向肌成纤维细胞分化;另一方面,心肌成纤维细胞合成分泌胶原增加,同时也能自分泌多种促细胞增殖的活性物质(如AngⅡ、内皮素和炎症因子等),进一步促进心肌成纤维细胞的增殖。CGRP具有抑制心肌成纤维细胞增殖和心脏重构作用。研究发现,在降钙素/α-CGRP敲除小鼠,压力负荷(缩窄主动脉弓)可加剧左心室肥厚和纤维化[36];在trpv1基因敲除小鼠,也加剧心肌梗死之后的心脏重构[37]。研究表明,促CGRP释放的吴茱萸次碱能减轻异丙肾上腺素引起的左心室重构,其机制涉及细胞凋亡相关基因表达变化[38]。为了进一步探讨吴茱萸次碱通过CGRP介导抑制心脏重构的机制,野百合碱与低氧诱导的肺动脉高压大鼠右心室重构的实验中发现,吴茱萸次碱通过促进CGRP的释放,进而影响eIF3a/p27信号通路而发挥作用[35]。
3.4 CGRP介导吴茱萸次碱及辣椒素衍生物对胃黏膜的保护作用
胃肠功能也受内脏感觉神经调节。在内脏神经背根神经节与迷走结状神经节中,CGRP为重要神经递质[4-5,39]。研究表明,CGRP可能是保护胃黏膜的重要内源性活性物质,支持的证据有:①CGRP抑制胃酸分泌,如CGRP能显著抑制大鼠胃泌素促胃酸分泌作用[40];②CGRP改善胃黏膜血流量,其机制涉及ATP敏感钾通道[41-42];③CGRP减轻缺血再灌注所致的黏膜损伤,其机制与减轻炎症反应和减少细胞凋亡有关[43];④CGRP受体拮抗剂CGRP8-37可加剧吲哚美辛(消炎痛)或乙醇诱发的胃黏膜损伤[44-45];⑤ 在CGRP基因敲除模型中,醋酸和乙醇所致胃溃疡的愈合时间显著延长,也能加剧应激所致的胃黏膜损伤[46-47]。基于内源性CGRP对胃黏膜的保护作用,以及激动TRPV1促进CGRP的合成和释放,这提示TRPV1可能是寻找防治胃黏膜损伤药物的新途径。研究发现,多种TRPV1激动剂如辣椒素、辣椒素酯、大麻素和吴茱萸次碱等通过促进CGRP释放而减轻胃黏膜损伤[1,48-53]。流行病学研究发现,中国人患胃溃疡的概率是马来西亚人和印度人的3倍,这可能与马来西亚人和印度人食用更多的辣椒有关[54]。
CGRP作为感觉神经的主要递质,早期的研究主要集中于神经释放的CGRP对外周组织器官功能的调节。近年研究发现,CGRP也存在于非神经组织细胞如内皮细胞、内皮祖细胞、淋巴细胞、支气管上皮细胞和脂肪细胞等,在调节局部组织功能中起重要作用[55]。药物也可通过影响局部组织细胞CGRP合成与分泌而发挥作用,如α-受体激动药物可乐定影响内皮细胞CGRP分泌[56];吴茱萸次碱促进内皮祖细胞CGRP的表达与分泌而延缓细胞衰老[57]。药物能否影响其他非神经细胞的CGRP合成与分泌尚待研究。
已知TRP受体为调节CGRP合成与释放的关键受体,该受体有多种亚型(如TRPC,TRPV,TRPM,TRPML,TRPP,TRPA和TRPN等)。既往研究有关CGRP合成与释放的调节主要集中在TRPV1,并以TRPV1为靶点,发现多种化合物能激动该受体而发挥治疗作用[29]。新近研究发现,TRPA1也能调节CGRP的合成与释放,异硫氰酸烯丙酯与HC-030031[2-(1,3-二甲基-2,6-二氧代-2,3-二氢-1H-嘌呤-7(6H)-基)-N-(4-异丙基苯基)乙酰胺]分别为该受体的激动剂或拮抗剂[58],TRPA1也可能是寻找药物的新靶点。
综上,CGRP参与多个组织器官功能的调节,发现某些药物如硝酸甘油、沙坦类作用机制涉及CGRP途径[17,27],这为这些典型药物的作用机制注入新的解释,加深对药物作用机制的认识。
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Pharmacological effects of drugs mediated by calcitonin gene-related peptide:a review
YIN You-cong,LI Yuan-jian
(Department of Pharmacology,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Central South University,Changsha 410078,China)
Calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP),a predominant neurotransmitter in sensory nerves,is widely distributed in central and peripheral tissues.In the cardiovascular system,besides relaxing vascular smooth muscle,CGRP protects against ischemic myocardium while inhibiting cardiac remodeling.The pharmacological effects of nitroglycerin and rutaecarpine have proved to be associated with the increase in the synthesis and release of CGRP.In gastrointestinal tissues,CGRP participates in the regulation of gastrointestinal function and has protective effects on the gastric mucosa.Rutaecar⁃pine,capsaicin and its derivatives can reduce gastric mucosa damage induced by a variety of factors by increasing synthesis and release of CGRP.
calcitonin-gene related peptide;nitroglycerin;rutaecarpine;capsaicin;sartans
LI Yuan-jian,E-mail:yuan_jianli@sina.com,Tel:(0731)82355078
R969,R972
A
1000-3002-(2017)01-0112-07
10.3867/j.issn.1000-3002.2017.01.014
2016-07-31 接受日期:2016-08-19)
(本文编辑:乔 虹)
国家自然科学基金项目(81273513)
尹优聪,女,硕士研究生,主要从事心血管药理学研究。
李元建,E-mail:yuan_jianli@sina.com,Tel:(0731)82355078
Foundation item:The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81273513)