高政阳 蒋灿华 陈洁 吴立萌 任辉 龙富强 贺春瑞 翦新春
中南大学湘雅医院口腔颌面外科,长沙 410008
桡侧蒂旋转推进筋膜皮瓣修复前臂皮瓣供区缺损
高政阳 蒋灿华 陈洁 吴立萌 任辉 龙富强 贺春瑞 翦新春
中南大学湘雅医院口腔颌面外科,长沙 410008
目的 探讨桡侧蒂旋转推进筋膜皮瓣关闭前臂皮瓣切取术后供区缺损的可行性与临床应用价值。方法 2014 年11月—2015年5月采用桡侧蒂旋转推进筋膜皮瓣对36例患者行桡侧前臂皮瓣切取后的供区缺损进行修复。其中男性28例,女性8例。年龄28~67岁,平均年龄53.6岁,皮瓣大小为3.0 cm×5.0 cm~4.0 cm×6.0 cm。术后定期随访,对切口愈合、瘢痕增生及前臂外观等情况进行记录和评价。术后3个月和6个月分别测量腕关节的掌屈、背伸、尺偏、桡偏角度,计算腕关节失能指数,并与术前对比,评估腕关节功能恢复状况。采用SPSS 19.0统计软件包中的配对t检验进行统计学分析。结果 36例患者前臂皮瓣切取后产生的供区创面均采用桡侧蒂旋转推进筋膜皮瓣顺利关闭而无需植皮。其中5例患者术后因切缘张力过大发生缺血性改变,表皮剥脱后色素丧失,但切口愈合未受影响。术后随访6~12个月期间,所有患者前臂切口均未见明显瘢痕增生,外观满意。术后3个月和6个月,患者腕关节的掌屈、背伸、尺偏、桡偏角度及腕关节失能指数与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 应用桡侧蒂旋转推进筋膜皮瓣能够直接关闭中小型前臂皮瓣切取后供区缺损,术后外观满意且不会对腕关节功能产生不良影响,值得临床推广应用。
桡侧蒂筋膜皮瓣; 旋转推进; 桡侧前臂皮瓣; 腕关节失能指数
随着显微外科技术的不断发展和日益成熟,游离组织瓣移植已成为口腔颌面部组织缺损和器官重建的主要技术手段。自1981年杨果凡等[1]首次报道以来,前臂皮瓣尤其是桡侧前臂皮瓣因具有解剖结构恒定、质地柔软、制备技术简单、血管管径粗大易于吻合、成功率高等优点,常应用于唇、舌、前颊及口底等部位的创面修复,目前仍是口腔颌面外科常用的主力皮瓣之一。但该皮瓣最大的缺点是切取后形成的供区缺损需要进行植皮修复,从而产生第二供区损伤,给患者增加痛苦。植皮区愈合后常伴有局部凹陷、色素沉着,影响外观。移植的皮片亦可因血肿、感染等原因导致部分坏死甚至全部坏死,从而引起延迟愈合、肌腱粘连、瘢痕粗大甚至腕关节功能障碍等并发症[2-4]。此外,皮片移植后的加压包扎还会导致患者手部静脉回流受阻而出现明显肿胀不适。2014年11月—2015年5月中南大学湘雅医院口腔颌面外科采用桡侧蒂旋转推进筋膜皮瓣对36例患者前臂皮瓣切取后遗留的供区创面直接进行修复,取得了满意的效果,现报道如下。
1.1 临床资料
本研究共纳入36例患者,男性28例,女性8例。年龄28~67岁,平均年龄53.6岁。除本次就诊的主诉疾病外,全身系统性基础疾病如高血压病、糖尿病等已治愈或病情得到控制。皮瓣供区无外伤手术史,桡动脉搏动有力,Allen试验阴性。头静脉充盈,弹性良好。患者知情同意并签署书面手术同意书。
1.2 手术方法
根据受区组织缺损的形状与范围,先在腕部第一横纹以上的桡侧前臂处设计皮瓣,一般呈横向类圆形,皮瓣大小3.0 cm×5.0 cm~4.0 cm×6.0 cm。然后在前臂尺侧设计用于桡侧蒂筋膜皮瓣旋转推进的切口延长线,远端与皮瓣的尺侧切口呈切线相交,近端向肘窝处延伸并弯向桡侧呈弧形,总长度约为皮瓣近远中径的4倍,从而使可用于旋转推进的桡侧蒂筋膜皮瓣面积达到拟修复的缺损面积的4倍左右(图1)。沿切口延长线切开皮肤、皮下组织,解剖、暴露头静脉与桡动静脉后,按常规手术方法制备前臂皮瓣备用。皮瓣断蒂后创面彻底止血,冲洗,将位于切口延长线桡侧的前臂组织向缺损处旋转推进,必要时加行皮下潜行分离减张,分层缝合关闭创面(图2)。无菌敷料覆盖,绷带加压包扎。
1.3 术后处理与效果评价
术后常规抗感染治疗,2~3 d后去除加压包扎敷料,10~14 d拆线。定期随访6~12个月,对切口愈合、瘢痕增生及前臂外观等情况进行记录。术后3个月和6个月分别测量腕关节的掌屈、背伸、尺偏、桡偏角度,计算腕关节失能指数[5],并与术前对比,评估腕关节功能恢复状况。
图 1 桡侧蒂旋转推进筋膜皮瓣关闭前臂皮瓣供区创面的切口设计Fig 1 The design of rotation and advancement of the radial-based fasciocutaneous flap to repair the radial forearm flap defect
图 2 桡侧蒂旋转推进筋膜皮瓣关闭前臂皮瓣供区创面缝合后外观Fig 2 The appearance after defect closure of radial forearm donor site by using rotation and advancement of the radial-based fasciocutaneous flap
1.4 统计学处理
采用SPSS 19.0统计软件包中的独立样本t检验进行统计学分析,P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
36例患者前臂皮瓣切取后的供区创面采用桡侧蒂旋转推进筋膜皮瓣均顺利关闭而无需植皮。5例患者术后切缘因张力过大发生缺血性改变(图3),表皮剥脱后色素丧失(图4)。所有患者前臂切口Ⅰ期愈合,未见血肿形成、感染、肌腱暴露、手部肿胀不适等并发症发生。术后随访6~12个月期间,前臂切口瘢痕增生不明显,外观满意(图5)。术后3个月和6个月,患者腕关节掌屈、背伸、尺偏、桡偏角度及腕关节失能指数与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表1)。
随着近年来穿支皮瓣技术的发展以及皮瓣经济效益学理念的提出,前臂皮瓣由于需要牺牲一条主干动脉以及供区隐蔽性不强且不能直接关闭等缺点,其在临床上的应用有减少的趋势。但前臂皮瓣具有解剖结构恒定、组织量适中、血管管径粗大等优点,非常适合于唇、舌、口底、前颊等部位的创面修复,仍是口腔颌面外科领域的主力皮瓣之一。由于制备技术简单,特别受显微外科技术相对薄弱的基层单位或初学者的青睐。
经典的前臂皮瓣切取术后供区缺损不能直接关闭,需要进行植皮修复,从而产生第二供区损伤,给患者增加痛苦。植皮区愈合后往往形成局部组织凹陷畸形,色素沉着明显,外观不良。皮片亦可因血肿、感染等原因导致部分坏死甚至全部坏死,从而引起延迟愈合、肌腱暴露、瘢痕粗大甚至腕关节功能障碍等不良后果。此外,皮片移植后的加压包扎会导致患者手部静脉回流受阻而出现明显肿胀不适。因此,许多学者对前臂皮瓣切取后供区缺损的关闭进行了大量的研究。
根据文献报道,主要的技术改良措施包括:1)优化移植皮片的来源,避免第二供区损伤。如从颈淋巴清扫术切口、前臂皮瓣切取附加延长切口处取皮[6-8],但皮片大小受到限制,通常需要进行拼接处理才能修复较宽的创面,且仍不能克服植皮本身固有的愈合后外观不良、容易感染坏死等缺点。2)对皮片受区进行适当处理以改善术后外形。如采用荷包缝合缩小受区[9],减少植皮范围;创面先用可降解生物材料覆盖,待肉芽组织生长后再植皮或同期在可降解生物材料的表面植皮[10]。这些方法虽然可以改善植皮区凹陷畸形,减少皮片收缩,增加植皮成功率,但也增加了手术次数和医疗费用,且依然存在第二供区损伤的问题。3)直接保留供区皮肤。如预先切开、掀起皮瓣供区皮肤,皮下筋膜组织表面移植皮片或黏膜制备成预制皮瓣,或同期在筋膜瓣的表面植皮[11-12],供区皮肤得以保留从而可以原位缝合。但皮瓣预制会增加手术等待时间,存在延误恶性肿瘤患者病情之虞。而同期在筋膜瓣表面植皮则对皮瓣受区的要求较高,不适合于修复口腔内缺损。4)改良皮瓣制备技术。如将皮瓣沿前臂长轴设计成窄条形(snake flap),反转后拼接以增加宽度,供区缺损直接拉拢缝合,但窄条形的设计与反转拼接处理可能影响皮瓣血运,且皮瓣表面容易形成难以消除的猫观畸形,影响外形[13]。也有学者[14-15]将皮瓣设计为以桡动静脉穿支供血的穿支皮瓣,携带双皮岛进行拼接,供区直接关闭,但该方法对技术要求高,手术难度大。5)采用组织扩张技术于术前对皮瓣供区进行扩张,利用扩张后的周围组织直接关闭创面[16-17],但同样存在增加手术次数、延长住院时间的缺点。6)单独或联合应用各种局部组织转移技术直接实现对创面的关闭,如以尺动脉供血的旋转皮瓣或双叶皮瓣、双菱形瓣,旋转推进皮辦、V-Y成形术以及Z成形术等[18-23]。
表 1 术前与术后腕关节运动功能的比较Tab 1 Comparison of the wrist joint movement function before and after operation n=36
图 3 切缘因张力过大发生缺血性改变Fig 3 Skin ischemia caused by excessive tension at the incision edge
图 4 切口愈合后出现色素丧失Fig 4 Pigment loss after wound healing
图 5 前臂皮瓣供区术后6个月外观Fig 5 Appearance of the forearm donor site six months after operation
众多研究结果表明,采用局部组织转移关闭前臂皮瓣供区缺损,技术相对简单,修复后瘢痕增生不明显、色泽匹配度高,外形满意。在以往文献介绍的各种方法中,均倾向于利用缺损区近中尺侧的前臂组织并将瓣的蒂部设计在尺侧,其理由,一是前臂尺侧较桡侧而言,组织相对较为松弛,可利用度大;二是转移的局部组织可以藉由尺动脉供血,因此许多研究者还特别强调了术中对尺动脉穿支血管的保护。但将转移组织瓣的蒂部设计在尺侧,则手术切口就会相对应地位于桡侧的体表外露区,由此形成的切口瘢痕无疑会影响前臂的整体外观。
Elliot等[24]最先利用称之为“斧形”皮瓣(hatchet flap)的局部组织旋转推进技术来直接关闭前臂皮瓣供区缺损,并强调将皮瓣的蒂部设计在尺侧,缺损远端如仍不能直接关闭则采用V-Y成形术或植皮修复。Bashir等[25]对此进行了改良,即尽量利用局部组织瓣关闭腕部创面而将组织缺损转移至周围组织较为松弛的肘窝处,再采用V-Y或Z成形术进行修复。本研究采用的技术与Elliot等[24]介绍的方法类似,为克服切口位于桡侧,容易外露影响美观的缺点,笔者将切口设计在隐蔽性较好的尺侧,利用前臂桡侧的局部组织来进行修复。该切口非常有利于桡动静脉以及头静脉的暴露和保护,在需要制备较长血管蒂的情况下也能很便利地延长。36例患者创面均顺利关闭而无需植皮。术后随访6~12个月期间,前臂切口愈合良好,瘢痕未见明显增生且隐蔽性强,外观满意。尽管桡动脉在皮瓣制备过程中已被切除,但组织瓣的血运似乎并没有受到影响。3例术后切缘发生缺血性改变的患者均为早期的病例,主要是由于缝合前没有进行充分的皮下潜行分离减张所致,但也没有对切口愈合产生明显的不良影响。
部分患者在缝合后出现腕部皮肤张力大,那么是否会对腕关节的功能造成影响呢?笔者分别于术后3个月和6个月对患者腕关节掌屈、背伸、尺偏、桡偏的角度进行了测量,计算腕关节失能指数,结果发现,患者术后3个月腕关节功能略有下降,术后6个月则基本恢复到术前水平,各时间点的比较未见统计学差异,表明该方法不会对腕关节功能产生明显不良影响。此外,患者亦未出现指尖麻木等腕管综合征的表现。
本研究中将适应证严格限定于4.0 cm×6.0 cm以内中小型缺损,对于超过该面积的缺损,仍然采用植皮的方式进行修复。该方法能否单独或联合其他技术用于修复更大面积的缺损仍有待进一步研究。
综上所述,应用桡侧蒂旋转推进筋膜皮瓣能够顺利地直接关闭前臂皮瓣切取后供区缺损,避免了第二供区损伤,术后外观满意且不会对腕关节功能产生不良影响,值得临床推广应用。
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(本文采编 石冰)
Rotation and advancement of the radial-based fasciocutaneous flap for primary closure of the radial forearm flap donor defect
Gao Zhengyang, Jiang Canhua, Chen Jie, Wu Limeng, Ren Hui, Long Fuqiang, He Chunrui, Jian Xinchun.
(Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China)
Correspondence: Jiang Canhua, E-mail: canhua-j@sohu.com.
Objective This study aims to investigate the feasibility and clinical application value of a new method for primary donor-site closure of radial forearm flaps with the use of rotation and advancement of radial-based fasciocutaneous flaps. Methods The forearm donor-site defects of 36 patients were primarily closed by rotation and advancement of radialbased fasciocutaneous flaps after radial flap harvest from November 2014 to May 2015. Patients included 28 males and 8 females aged 28 to 67 years (53.6 years old on average). Flap size ranged from 3.0 cm×5.0 cm to 4.0 cm×6.0 cm. Wound healing, scar hyperplasia, and forearm appearance were recorded and evaluated. Wrist flexion angle, dorsal extension angle, ulnar deviation angle, and radial deviation angle were measured three and six months after the operation. Wrist joint loss index was calculated and compared with the preoperative index to evaluate wrist function recovery. The results were subjected to comparative ttest to perform statistical analysis with SPSS 19.0 statistical software package. Results Forearm donor sites were successfully closed without skin grafting in all patients. Skin ischemia caused by excessive tension was observed at the incision edge in five cases, thereby leading to skin exfoliation and pigment loss without affecting wound healing. All patients were followed up at six and twelve months, and presented a satisfactory appearance. No scar hyperplasia was observed. No significant difference was observed in radial deviation, ulnar deviation, palmar flexion, dorsiflexion, radial deflection angle, or wrist joint loss index (P>0.05) after the operation. Conclusion Application of rotation and advancement of radial-based fasciocutaneous flaps can directly close small-to-medium radial forearm flap donor defects. Satisfactory postoperative appearance can be achieved with no loss in wrist joint function. The novel method prove worthy of promotion and application in clinical work.
radial-based fasciocutaneous flap; rotation and advancement; radial forearm flap; wrist joint loss index
R 622
A [doi] 10.7518/hxkq.2016.05.009
2016-03-23;
2016-07-16
高政阳,住院医师,硕士,E-mail:982626571@qq.com
蒋灿华,教授,博士,E-mail:canhua-j@sohu.com