郝 娜,张建波,高冰洁,周 平
·康复研究·
Braden量表评分联合急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ评分预测压疮发生的价值
郝 娜,张建波,高冰洁,周 平
背景压疮评估在压疮护理工作中是至关重要的一步。目前广泛应用的压疮评估工具是Braden量表,但是其评估临床压疮风险存在一定的局限性。目的评估Braden量表评分联合急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHE Ⅱ)评分预测压疮发生的价值。方法选取2014年6月—2015年6月重庆市中医院ICU、CCU、心血管病科、肝病科、肿瘤科、肾病科、骨科、急诊科等临床科室上报的310例患者为研究对象。收集患者Braden量表评分及APACHE Ⅱ评分。Braden量表评分≤12分预测为压疮高风险,Braden量表评分>12分预测为压疮低风险;以Braden量表评分≤12分,且APACHE Ⅱ评分≥15分预测为压疮高风险,否则预测为压疮低风险。制作Braden量表评分、Braden量表评分联合APACHE Ⅱ评分预测压疮发生的受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,计算ROC曲线下面积(AUC)、灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值。结果310例患者住院期间发生压疮57例,未发生压疮253例。Braden量表评分预测压疮高风险310例,压疮低风险0例。Braden量表评分预测压疮发生的AUC为0.326,95%CI(0.241,0.410);以12分为临界值时,预测压疮发生的灵敏度为100.0%,特异度为0,阳性预测值为18.4%,阴性预测值为0,Youden′s指数为0。Braden量表评分联合APACHE Ⅱ评分预测压疮高风险63例(其中发生压疮54例),压疮低风险247例(其中发生压疮3例)。Braden量表评分联合APACHE Ⅱ评分预测压疮发生的AUC为0.946,95%CI(0.897,0.994);以Braden量表评分12分、APACHE Ⅱ评分15分为临界值时,预测压疮发生的灵敏度为94.7%,特异度为96.4%,阳性预测值为85.7%,阴性预测值为98.8%,Youden′s指数为0.911。Braden量表评分联合APACHE Ⅱ评分预测压疮发生的Kappa值为0.876(P=0.035)。Braden量表评分联合APACHE Ⅱ评分预测压疮发生的AUC大于Braden量表评分预测压疮发生的AUC(Z=6.92,P<0.05)。结论Braden量表评分联合APACHE Ⅱ评分能较好地预测压疮的发生情况。
压力性溃疡;Braden量表;急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ
郝娜,张建波,高冰洁,等.Braden量表评分联合急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ评分预测压疮发生的价值[J].中国全科医学,2016,19(24):2994-2997.[www.chinagp.net]
HAO N,ZHANG J B,GAO B J,et al.Prediction of pressure ulcer by combination of Braden Scale score and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ score[J].Chinese General Practice,2016,19(24):2994-2997.
压疮是由于局部组织长期受压等原因造成血液循环障碍,持续缺血、缺氧、营养不良而导致的软组织溃疡和坏死,同时也是一种全身性疾病的局部表现,其形成与患者年龄、基础疾病、全身情况等密切相关[1]。压疮评估是压疮护理的第一步,压疮评估能预测患者压疮发生情况,有效指导压疮护理工作,在压疮护理中至关重要。目前应用最广泛的压疮评估量表是Braden量表[2],但是其忽略了患者年龄、基础疾病等诸多可能导致患者压疮发生的多个因素,临床研究亦表明,Braden量表不能完全准确预警压疮的发生[3-4]。急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(acute physiologic and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ,APACHE Ⅱ)能准确、客观评价患者疾病严重程度及全身状况[5-6],从而有效弥补Braden量表的不足。目前APACHE Ⅱ评分与患者压疮的文献报道较罕见。本研究分析重庆市中医院310例压疮高危患者的压疮报表,结合患者的APACHE Ⅱ评分,研究Braden量表评分联合APACHE Ⅱ评分预测压疮发生的价值,现报道如下。
1.1研究对象选取2014年6月—2015年6月重庆市中医院ICU、CCU、心血管病科、肝病科、肿瘤科、肾病科、骨科、急诊科等临床科室上报的310例患者为研究对象。纳入标准:(1)Braden量表评分≤12分;(2)患者自愿或家属同意加入本研究。排除标准:(1)烧伤者;(2)皮肤过敏及有皮肤疾病者;(3)使用甾体类药物者;(4)精神疾病患者;(5)住院时间<3 d。其中男190例,女120例;慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)69例,消化道大出血66例,脑出血54例,晚期肿瘤46例,肝硬化腹腔积液42例,心肌梗死27例,尿毒症3例,其他3例;住院期间发生压疮57例,未发生压疮253例。
1.2研究方法
1.2.1Braden量表评分患者入院当天由责任护士对其进行Braden量表评分,由护士长或业务组长复评确认签字后,将Braden量表上交护理部备案。Braden量表从知觉感受、潮湿、活动能力、行动能力、营养状况、摩擦力6个方面对患者进行评分,每个方面均通过判定标准得出相应的分数。Braden量表总分23分,得分越低表明患者发生压疮的风险越高。本研究以Braden量表评分≤12分预测为压疮高风险,Braden量表评分>12分预测为压疮低风险[7]。
1.2.2护理部完善压疮报表护理部和压疮小组整理科室上报至护理部备案的Braden量表,追踪患者是否发生压疮及压疮进展情况。
1.2.3APACHE Ⅱ评分由压疮报表获取患者基本信息,通过翻阅病历直接获取患者APACHE Ⅱ评分,或访问患者的主管医生结合检查报告、病历和护理记录得到患者APACHE Ⅱ评分。由双人进行评分,取平均值记为该患者的APACHE Ⅱ评分。APACHE Ⅱ评分由4方面组成:(1)年龄;(2)以能否手术判断患者有无严重器官系统功能不全或免疫损害;(3)格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分,包括睁眼反应、语言反应、运动反应;(4)生理指标,包括体温、平均血压、心率、呼吸频率、动脉血氧分压、动脉血pH值、血清HCO3-、Na+、K+、肌酐、红细胞比容、白细胞计数。APACHE Ⅱ评分的理论最高分为71分,分值越高表明患者病情越重、预后越差。本研究以APACHE Ⅱ评分≥15分为护理风险增加[8]。
1.3统计学方法采用SPSS 22.0统计学软件进行数据分析。计数资料比较采用χ2检验;一致性检验采用Kappa检验,Kappa值≤0.40表示一致性较差,0.40 2.1Braden量表评分预测压疮发生的价值Braden量表评分预测压疮发生的AUC为0.326,95%CI(0.241,0.410)(见图1);以12分为临界值时,预测压疮发生的灵敏度为100.0%,特异度为0,阳性预测值为18.4%,阴性预测值为0,Youden′s指数为0(见表1)。 注:APACHEⅡ=急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ 图1Braden量表评分、Braden量表评分联合APACHE Ⅱ评分预测压疮发生的ROC曲线 Figure 1The ROC curve of pressure ulcer predicted by Braden Scale score and Braden Scale score combined with APACHE Ⅱ score 表1 Braden量表评分预测压疮发生的价值 2.2Braden量表评分联合APACHE Ⅱ评分预测压疮发生的价值以Braden量表评分≤12分,且APACHE Ⅱ评分≥15分预测为压疮高风险,否则预测为压疮低风险。Braden量表评分联合APACHE Ⅱ评分预测压疮发生的AUC为0.946,95%CI(0.897,0.994)(见图1);以Braden量表评分12分、APACHE Ⅱ评分15分为临界值时,预测压疮发生的灵敏度为94.7%,特异度为96.4%,阳性预测值为85.7%,阴性预测值为98.8%,Youden′s指数为0.911(见表2)。Braden量表评分联合APACHE Ⅱ评分预测压疮发生的Kappa值为0.876(P=0.035)。Braden量表评分联合APACHE Ⅱ评分预测压疮发生的AUC大于Braden量表评分预测压疮发生的AUC,差异有统计学意义(Z=6.92>1.96,P<0.05)。 表2Braden量表评分联合APACHEⅡ评分预测压疮发生的价值 Table 2The value of Braden Scale score combined with APACHE Ⅱ score in predicting pressure ulcer Braden量表评分联合APACHEⅡ评分是否发生压疮是 否合计压疮高风险54963压疮低风险3244247合计57253310 注:APACHEⅡ=急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ 在压疮护理过程中预见性是第一位的,依靠直觉或经验来判断患者有无发生压疮的危险、忽视对高危人群的评估是发生压疮的原因之一。Braden量表是目前应用最广泛的压疮评估表[2]。但是,临床工作中,很大一部分Braden量表评分≤12分的患者未发生压疮,潘夏蓁等[9]的研究也表明,Braden量表评分预测压疮存在不足。本研究结果显示,以Braden量表评分12分为临界值时,预测压疮发生的灵敏度为100.0%,特异度为0,阳性预测值为18.4%,阴性预测值为0,Youden′s指数为0,提示用Braden量表评分≤12分预测患者压疮发生的特异度低,不能有效评估压疮风险。因此如何提高压疮评估的特异度,准确筛选出压疮高危人群,有效指导临床护理人员对高危患者进行压疮护理成为亟待解决的问题。Braden量表评分忽略患者年龄、基础疾病、全身情况等诸多可能导致压疮发生的相关因素[3-4],在临床中的应用还存在很多未知领域,因此护士需要更加全面评估,准确预测患者压疮发生情况。 临床工作中不难发现,患者病情越重、全身情况越差,压疮发生率越高。APACHE Ⅱ评分能准确、客观评价疾病严重程度和全身情况,患者APACHE Ⅱ评分越高,病情越重、感染率及病死率越高、预后越差。当APACHE Ⅱ评分<15分时,患者预后较好,护理风险低;APACHE Ⅱ评分≥15分时,患者病情严重,死亡风险明显增加,护理风险也随之增加[8]。目前APACHE Ⅱ评分已经广泛应用与临床护理[8],但是少见APACHE Ⅱ评分与压疮发生的相关研究。 本研究结果显示,以Braden评分12分、APACHE Ⅱ评分15分为临界值时,预测压疮发生的Kappa值为0.876,提示患者是否发生压疮与患者的Braden评分及APACHEⅡ评分相关;以Braden评分12分、APACHE Ⅱ评分15分为临界值时,预测压疮发生的灵敏度为94.7%,特异度为96.4%,阳性预测值为85.7%,阴性预测值为98.8%,Youden′s指数为0.911,Braden量表评分联合APACHE Ⅱ评分预测压疮发生的AUC大于Braden量表评分预测压疮发生的AUC,提示APACHE Ⅱ评分在预测患者压疮过程中注重患者整体评估,能有效弥补Braden量表评分的不足,Braden量表评分联合APACHE Ⅱ评分具有较好的压疮风险评估价值。同时,压疮一旦发生,护理风险和难度随之增加,这也与之前的研究相一致[8]。 本研究患者例数较少,且均为Braden评分≤12分患者,存在选择偏倚,需要进一步扩大样本量进行验证。 综上所述,Braden量表评分预测压疮发生的特异度不高,Braden量表评分联合APACHEⅡ评分能更好地预测压疮发生情况,指导临床护理工作。 作者贡献:周平负责课题设计、指导课题实施及对论文撰写、发表,并对本文负责;郝娜行患者临床资料收集、整理、撰写论文;张建波负责临床资料数据整理、统计及制图工作;高冰洁协助收集患者临床资料,并对论文撰写提出建议。 本文无利益冲突。 [1]RASERO L,SIMONETTI M,FALCIANI F,et al.Pressure ulcers in older adults:a prevalence study[J].Adv Skin Wound Care,2015,28(10):461-464. [2]Braden B J.The Braden scale,25 years later[J].Perspect Infirm,2014,11(4):33-34. [3]CHEN H L,CAO Y J,ZHANG W,et al.Braden Scale is not suitable for assessing pressure ulcer risk in individuals aged 80 and older[J].J Am Geriatr Soc,2015,63(3):599-601. [4]HE W,LIU P,CHEN H L.The Braden Scale cannot be used alone for assessing pressure ulcer risk in surgical patients:a meta-analysis[J].Ostomy Wound Manage,2012,58(2):34-40. [5]SENARATNE D N,VEENITH T.Age influences the predictive value of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱand Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre scoring models in patients admitted to Intensive Care Units after in-hospital cardiac arrest[J].Indian J Crit Care Med,2015,19(3):155-158. [6]PATERNINA-Caicedo A J,ROJAS-SUAREZ J A,DUE AS-CASTEL C,et al.Mortality risk prediction with an updated Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ score in critically ill obstetric patients:a cohort study[J].J Intensive Care Med,2015,30(2):97-102. [7]马莉,陈明,王攀峰.压疮评分表在神经科一级护理病人中的应用[J].护理研究,2011,25(15):1345-1347. MA L,CHEN M,WANG P F.Effect of pressure ulcer score table in ulcer of patients accepting the first class nursing care in department of psychiatry[J].Chinese Nursing Research,2011,25(15):1345-1347. [8]梁碧珍,蒙建华,胡明,等.APACHEⅡ评分系统在急危重症患者护理中的应用[J].中国实用医药,2011,6(1):191-192. [9]潘夏蓁,林碎钗,姜丽萍,等.Braden量表在足部压疮风险预测中的应用[J].解放军护理杂志,2013,30(4):1-4. PAN X Z,LIN S C,JIANG L P,et al.Application of Braden Scale in risk prediction of heel pressure ulcers[J].Nursing Journal of Chinese People′s Liberation Army,2013,30(4):1-4. (本文编辑:崔丽红) Prediction of Pressure Ulcer by Combination of Braden Scale Score and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ Score HAONa,ZHANGJian-bo,GAOBing-jie,ZHOUPing. DepartmentofRehabilitation,TraditionalChineseMedicineHospitalinChongqing,Chongqing400011,China ZHOUPing,DepartmentofRehabilitation,TraditionalChineseMedicineHospitalinChongqing,Chongqing400011,China;E-mail:345205835@qq.com BackgroundPressure ulcer assessment is a crucial step in the nursing of pressure ulcer.Braden Scale is a widely used evaluation tool in current assessment of pressure ulcer,but there are limitations in the risk prediction of pressure ulcer in clinic.ObjectiveTo evaluate the value of Braden Scale score combined with acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ(APACHE Ⅱ) score in pressure ulcer prediction.Methods310 patients reported by clinic departments(including ICU,CCU,Department of Cardiovascular Disease,Liver Disease,Oncology,Nephrology,Orthopaedics,Emergency,etc.) from Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital in Chongqing from June 2014 to June 2015 were selected as the research objects.Patients′ scores of Braden Scale and APACHE Ⅱ were collected.The patients scored not more than 12 in Braden Scale were predicted as high-risk pressure ulcer,while those who scored greater than 12 were low-risk pressure ulcer;the patients scored not more than 12 in Braden Scale and not less than 15 in APACHE Ⅱ were predicted as high-risk pressure ulcer,otherwise they would be taken as low-risk pressure ulcer.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve was predicted by Braden Scale or Braden Scale score combined with APACHE Ⅱ score.The areas under curve(AUC) of ROC,sensibility,specificity,positive predictive value and negative predictive value were also calculated.Results57 patients developed pressure ulcer,and 253 patients didn′t among the 310 inpatients.The 310 patients were predicted as high-risk pressure ulcer and 0 patients were low-risk pressure ulcer by Braden Scale score.The AUC of the occurrence of pressure ulcer predicted by Braden Scale score was 0.326,95%CI(0.241,0.410);with 12 as the critical value,the sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value,and Youden′s index of predicting the occurrence of pressure ulcer were 100%,0,18.4%,0,18.4%,0,and 0 respectively.63 high-risk patients(54 cases occurred pressure ulcer) and 247 low-risk patients(3 cases occurred pressure ulcer) were predicted by Braden Scale score combined with APACHE Ⅱ score.The AUC of pressure ulcer predicted by Braden Scale score combined with APACHE Ⅱ score was 0.946,95%CI(0.897,0.994);when the critical value of Braden Scale score and APACHE Ⅱ score was 12 and 15 separately,the sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value,and Youden′s index of predicting pressure ulcer occurrence were 94.7%,96.4%,85.7%,98.8%,and 0.911 respectively.The Kappa value of pressure ulcer occurrence predicted by Braden Scale score combined with APACHE Ⅱ score was 0.876(P=0.035).The AUC of pressure ulcer predicted by Braden Scale score combined with APACHE Ⅱ score was greater than that predicted by Braden Scale score(Z=6.92,P<0.05).ConclusionBraden Scale score combined with APACHE Ⅱ score can better predict the occurrence of pressure ulcer. Pressure ulcer;Braden scale;Acute physiologic and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ 重庆市中医院院内培育课题(2014-3-4) 400011 重庆市中医院康复科(郝娜,高冰洁,周平);广州军区联勤部门诊部外妇科(张建波) 周平,400011 重庆市中医院康复科;E-mail:345205835@qq.com R 632.1 ADOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2016.24.026 2016-01-14; 2016-06-29)2 结果
3 讨论