车驰
第二语言学习者在听说极其薄弱的语言环境中,想要迅速提升口语技能,就必须了解自己口语的症结所在。笔者在口语教学中一直给学生重复的一句口号是:直面你的口语短板,才能逐个击破!大家只有找出自己的口语短板,直击问题之根源才能从根本上解决问题。对于广大的英语学习者来说,发音问题往往是普遍存在的口语短板,大家在学习英文时都会遇到各式各样的发音障碍。接下来,就让我们一起扒一扒那些困扰大家很久的英语发音问题,看看究竟哪些是经常出错的英语发音。
Th的发音
我们先来看一下很多中国学生都容易读错的th的发音。其实要发准th的音并不难,但是在发音过程中很多学生都容易受到汉语影响,从而导致发音出错。因为在汉语的发音体系中是没有th的发音的,这种母语中缺失的发音往往会成为大家在学习英语时的难点,发不准确,甚至会产生母语负迁移现象(在第二语言习得的过程中,我们把母语对第二语言习得的消极影响称作母语的负迁移,反之,积极的影响被称作正迁移)。很多学习者往往会把th的发音和s在单词中的发音混淆起来,因为s在单词中的发音[s]或[z]是英语和汉语中共有的音,而th的清音[θ]听起来和[s]相似,所以容易造成混淆。Th发清音[θ]时,中国西南部某些平翘舌不分的地区尤其容易把这个音和[s]搞混,以常被读错的thank为例,很多学习者被纠音的第一个句子就是“Thank you”。同样易混淆的一组音是th的浊音[?]和s的另一发音[z]。其实th在英文中就发两种音:一个清音[θ],不出声;一个浊音[?],出声。这两种发音又叫咬舌音,发音时要将舌头置于上下齿之间,呈咬舌状:发[θ]时,气流从舌齿间的小缝隙逸出,没有阻碍;而发[?]时,舌尖轻触上齿背,气流由舌齿间小缝隙逸出,受到阻碍,摩擦成音。而在发[s]或[z]这一组音时,舌端及舌尖靠近上齿龈,但不接触,上下齿靠拢,但不要咬住,气流由舌端与上齿龈之间逸出,摩擦成音。这一组音和[θ]、[?]最大的区别就在于不需要咬舌,但是由于两组发音气流摩擦的方式类似所以才容易被混淆,咬舌和不咬舌成为这两组音区别的关键。这一点需要大家在平时练习时认真体会,注意区分。
区分完th的发音和s的发音,我们再来看th发音的另一个重要方面:如何判断th的清音和浊音。当你发[θ]这个音时,声带是没有震动的,气流从口腔穿过,没有阻挡,这是清音;而发[?]这个音时,声带是震动的,气流从口腔穿过时要受到阻挡,这是浊音。那要分辨th的清音和浊音,有哪些发音规律可循呢?下面我们来逐一总结。
1 在名词词首的th一般发[θ]
例:thing、theatre、thumb、thunder、thermos、Thursday、theory、theme、throat、thread
2 在动词词首的th一般发[θ]
例:think、thank、throw、thrive、thicken
3 在数词词首的th一般发[θ]
例:three、thirteen、thirty、third、thousand
4 在形容词词首的th一般发[θ]
例:thin、thick、thirsty、thoughtful、thorough
5 在代词词首的th一般发[?]
例:they、them、their、theirs、this、these、that、those、there
6 在功能词词首的th一般发[?]
例:the、than、then、though、thus、therefore
7 在词尾的th一般发[θ]
例:bath、breath、both、cloth、tooth、health、wealth
当然,在词尾的th也有少数例外发[?],例如:with、smooth。
8 位于两个元音之间的th一般发[?]
例:other、mother、brother、another、father、weather、feather、leather、further、breathe
当然,位于两个元音之间的th也有例外发[θ]的词,例如:nothing、anything、sympathy、mathematics、Marathon。
第7条和第8条中的例外情况大家只能单独记忆,毕竟规则只是帮助大家形成一个发音习惯,但并不绝对存在。
如果大家要练习th在清音[θ]和浊音[?]之间的转换,笔者建议用“绕口令练习法”。这里笔者推荐一则练习th发音的绕口令,希望对大家有所帮助。
V的发音
我们来看看中国学生经常出错的下一个音,就是victory这个词里v的发音[v],很多英语学习者就经常把TV这个词的发音读错。[v]这个音的难点在于容易受母语的影响和其他的音混淆。比如,说英文时西班牙人和日本人容易将[v]和[b]混淆,德国人容易将[v]和[f]混淆,而中国人和印度人最常见的就是把[v]这个音和[w]这个音混淆。大家在发[v]和[w]时要注意:[v]是咬唇音,发[v]时上齿咬住下唇;[w]是撅唇音,发音时嘴唇翘起,做亲吻状。大家可以参照下面的这一组词进行[v]和[w]的发音练习。
They threw three free throws through the hoop.
Room three thirty-three on the third floor rents for thirty-three dollars and thirty-three cents.
Is this the thing?
Yes! That is the thing.
But not these things here; those things there!
Father, mother, sister, brother
Walk from here to there to be with one another.
I thought a thought, but the thought I thought wasnt the thought that I thought I thought.
同时大家还可以通过以下的语段来进行朗读练习,也会非常有效。
The throng of the thermometers from the Thuringian Thermometer Folks arrived on Thursday. There were a thousand thirty-three thick thermometers, though, instead of a thousand thirty-six thin thermometers, which was three thermometers fewer than the thousand thirty-six we were expecting, not to mention that they were thick ones rather than thin ones. We thoroughly thought that we had ordered a thousand thirty-six, not a thousand thirty-three thermometers, and asked the Thuringian Thermometer Folks to reship the thermometers; thin, not thick. They apologized for sending only a thousand thirty three thermometers rather than a thousand thirty-six and promised to replace the thick thermometers with thin thermometers.
V W
visor wiser
veil whale
vest west
viper wiper
verse worse
同时我们可以通过下面这一个小语段将[v]和[w]的辨音练习融入到语流当中。
When revising his visitors version of a plan for a very well-paved avenue, the VIP was advised to reveal none of his motives. Eventually, however, the hapless visitor discovered his knavish views and confided that it was vital to review the plans together to avoid a conflict. The VIP was not convinced and averred that he would have it vetoed by the vice president. This quite vexed the visitor, who then vowed to invent an indestructible paving compound in order to avenge his good name. The VIP found himself on the verge of a civil war with a visitor with whom he had previously conversed easily. It was only due to his insufferable vanity that the inevitable division arrived as soon as it did. Never again did the visitor converse with the vain VIP and they remained divided forever.
T的发音
最后,我们来聊一聊美语中t的发音[t]。要想把口语说得像母语者那样,除了需要克服受母语影响而产生的发音错误之外,还要学会模仿母语者的发音。模仿是口语进阶的第一步,学会了模仿,你才能够找到母语者的发音要领。就以t的发音来说,美语单词中t是怎么发音的呢?我们首先要知道的是美语中的t的发音极大地受到语调和它在单词或短语中的位置的影响。如果t在单词词首,[t]是需要重读的,比如Ted这个词;如果t在重读元音前,如Italian这个词,[t]是需要重读的。如果t在单词中部,同时不在重读元音前时,[t]则需要被弱读成[d],比如在Italy和Betty这两个词中。如果t在单词词末,则可以被抑制不发音,比如在hot这个词中。下面笔者给大家一组词做对比,左栏是需要重读的t,而右栏是需要弱读的t,大家可以进行朗读对比,这样会比较容易体会到t发音的不同。
[t]重读 [t]弱读
Italian Italy
attack attic
atomic atom
photography photograph
为什么美语中的t会有如此多的发音变化呢?听下文笔者具体分析。大家可以朗读下面这句话:“Betty bought a bit of better butter.”如果我们把这句话中的每一个t都重读,将会是件很累的事情,但是如果我们喝了点酒,现在有点微醺,口齿不太清楚,再来读这句话时,我们就会把Betty、better、butter中的[t]弱读成[d],而bought和bit中的t抑制不发音。大家会发现这样读更容易,口腔肌肉更放松,所以这也是为什么t要随语调和它在单词中位置的变化而发生音变的原因,这其实就是母语者在说话时形成的一种更轻松、更省事的发音习惯,所以为了口语变得更流利,像地道的美国人那样,大家就必须遵循美语的发音规则,模仿美国母语者的发音。
针对以上提到的美语中字母t的发音规则,大家可以参照一些例句进行朗读练习。
1 需要重读的[t]
It took Tim ten times to try the telephone.
Its Tommys turn to tell the teacher the truth.
2 需要弱读成[d]的[t]
Get a better water heater.
Its getting hotter and hotter.
3 需要抑制不发音的[t]
She hit the hot hut with her hat.
We went to that Net site to get what we needed.
Pat was quite right, wasnt she?
What? Put my hat back!
本期笔者就分享到这里,最后还是要跟大家重复那句口语宣言:直面你的口语短板,才能逐个击破!希望大家在今后的口语学习中能够树立起面对问题的信心和解决问题的决心。想要说一口地道的英文不是一朝一夕之功,在学习的过程中要善于运用技巧找准自己的突破口,这样才能够事半功倍!