动词不定式省略标志词to的情况

2016-04-11 01:57安徽省怀远第一中学王玉峰
青苹果 2016年22期
关键词:怀远语态被动语态

安徽省怀远第一中学 王玉峰

动词不定式省略标志词to的情况

安徽省怀远第一中学 王玉峰

大家知道动词不定式是由动词原形与标志词to构成,就是常见的to do sth.形式,但是却有不少情况下作为标志词的小品词to不见了。这是怎么回事呢?现在就跟同学们聊聊不定式省掉to的那些事儿。

一、作宾语补足语的不定式省掉to的情况

(一)当let,make,have等使役动词后跟不定式作宾语补足语时,不定式必须省略to。但是如果使役动词用在被动语态中则to不可以省掉,其实let与have极少用于被动语态。像get,force,oblige等使役动词跟不定式作宾补时无论用于主动还是被动to都不可以省掉。如:

1.There is no need to tell me your answer now.Give it some thought and then let me know.

2.My parents have always made me feel good about myself,even when I was twelve.

3.She had him dig away the snow.她让他把雪挖走。

4.The law obliged parents to send their children to school.法律要求父母送子女上学。

【考例】The position of the classroom with its view made me felt like I was dreaming.

【答案与解析】 felt改为feel。考查使役动词make sb.do sth.的用法,make跟不定式作宾语补足语在主动语态中不带to,me与宾语feel之间是逻辑上主谓关系,不能用表示被动意义的过去分词felt。

(二)当表示感觉的动词feel,hear,notice,observe,see,watch,look at,listen to等跟不定式作宾语补足语时,在主动语态中不定式省略to,但是在被动语态中的to须带上。如:

I saw/noticed him take the book away.我看见他把书拿走了。

We heard her sigh with relief.我们听到她宽慰地叹了一口气。

二、作宾语的不定式及其help后不定式省掉to的情况

(一)动词不定式作介词except和but宾语后省去to的情况

动词不定式通常不作介词宾语,但是却可以作介词except或but的宾语,这是例外情况。如果前面有实意动词do的形式则不定式不带to;其前没有do则不定式通常带to。如:

She lived in the sick-room,never quitting it except to snatch a few hours'rest at night.

她住在病房里,寸步不离,除非是在夜间去匆匆休息几个小时。

He hardly speaks to me,except to make Elena laugh,like when he calls me Mousy.

他几乎一句话也不对我说,除非是为了逗埃莱娜笑,就像他叫我小老鼠的时候那样。

After saying those words,he did nothing but add to my anger.

说完这些话,他没怎么样,却让我更生气了。

(二)help后的不定式to省略情况

动词不定式可以在及物动词help后作宾语或者宾语补足语,此时的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to,意义没有大的区别。如果不定式用否定形式,其中的to不宜省略。如果help用于被动语态,则其后不定式必须带to。如:

He helped(to)keep us in touch with what was going on there.

他帮助我们了解那儿的情况。

That experience helped him(to)develop a feeling for the beauty of nature.

那段经历帮助他培养了对自然美的鉴赏力。

His misfortune made him more interesting,and even helped him to be the fashion.

他的不幸使他更受人关注,甚至使他成了红人。

She was helped to carry the parcel.她有人帮忙拿包裹。(被动语态中to不省掉)

How can I help my children not to worry about their exams?

我怎样才能帮助我的孩子们不为他们的考试担心呢?(否定句中to不省掉)

三、作表语的不定式省掉to的情况

动词不定式作表语时是需要带to,但是当主语部分有动词do的某种形式时,用作表语的不定式可以省略to,也可以不省略,此时句子的时态为一般现在时(is)或一般过去时(was)。如:

What you first do is(to)mix the egg with flour.你先得把鸡蛋和面粉和好。

All I did was(to)touch the window,and it broke.我只不过碰了一下窗户,玻璃就碎了。

All he could do was(to)rush into the room.他只有冲进房间。

四、并列句中的不定式省掉to的情况

当两个或多个作用相同的不定式并列时,通常只需在第一个不定式前用 to,其余不定式前的to可以省略。如:

He thinks it is safer to drive himself than(to)let me drive.

他认为自己开车要比让我开车更安全些。

Will you go to see the film or(to)dance?你要去看电影还是要去跳舞?

I'll go to see him myself and(to)ask him about it.我将亲自去看望他并问一问那件事情。

It is easier to persuade people than(to)force them.说服人容易,强迫人难。

但是,如果两者有对比关系,则后面不定式前的to不可省略。如:

To try and fail is better than not to try at all.尝试而失败总比不尝试好。

五、特定结构中省掉to的情况

1.Why not do sth....?=Why don't you...?用于表示同意、赞成、劝诱等,其意为“为什么不……呢”。如:

Why not do something to get out of routine if you're so dissatisfied with your job?

你既然这么不满意自己的工作,为什么不设法改变一下呢?

2.had better do sth....最好做某事,表示建议,had better通常看作是情态动词。如:

You had better not count on an increase in your salary this year.你今年最好别指望涨工资。

3.would rather do sth....than do...宁愿做某事。如:

Most people would rather be successful than knowledgeable.

大多数人更喜欢成功,而不是知识渊博。

4.prefer to do sth....rather than do sth.宁愿做某事而不愿做另一事。如:

I prefer to walk there rather than go by bus.我宁愿走着去,而不愿坐公共汽车去。

5.固定搭配中的不定式to省略:(1)let类固定搭配:let fall(无意中说出),let fly(发射、攻击),let go(放开),let slip(放走);(2)make类搭配:make believe(假装),make do(凑合着用)等。如:

The dog's got a stick between his teeth and he won't let go.那狗叼着一根棍子不松口。

We were in a hurry so we had to make do with a quick snack.

我们时间很紧,只好随便吃了点小吃。

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