颈内动脉床突上段血泡样动脉瘤完全夹闭后短期内复发1例报告

2016-04-05 20:07王波卜祥梅徐超李泽福李建民王成伟
山东医药 2016年15期
关键词:血泡弹簧圈复查

王波,卜祥梅,徐超,李泽福,李建民,王成伟

(1滨州医学院附属医院,山东滨州 256603;2山东大学第二医院)doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-266X.2016.15.041



·个案报告·

颈内动脉床突上段血泡样动脉瘤完全夹闭后短期内复发1例报告

王波1,卜祥梅1,徐超1,李泽福1,李建民1,王成伟2

(1滨州医学院附属医院,山东滨州 256603;2山东大学第二医院)doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-266X.2016.15.041

患者男,38岁,因“突发剧烈头痛2 h”入院。既往有高血压史5 a,患者于入院前2 h吃饭时无明显诱因突发剧烈头痛,并伴头晕,遂送往我院急诊。入院后行头部CT检查,检查过程中再发抽搐1次,发作时四肢僵直,数分钟后缓解,口吐白沫伴小便失禁1次,CT检查显示蛛网膜下腔出血,遂收入我科。查体显示神清语利,颈强阳性,余未见异常。患者于入院后当天急诊行DSA造影,显示右侧颈内动脉床突上段血泡样动脉瘤(BBA),大小约4 mm×5 mm,于次日全麻下行动脉瘤夹闭术;术中夹闭顺利,且吲哚菁绿荧光造影显示动脉瘤夹闭良好,无瘤颈残余。动脉瘤夹闭术后3 d,患者头痛剧烈,意识浑浊,腰穿脑脊液仍为血性,头部CT复查显示右颞部脑出血,遂行右颞去骨瓣减压术,术后患者嗜睡状态。右颞去骨瓣减压术后16 d,患者突发抽搐,头部减压窗张力较高,头部CT显示蛛网膜下腔出再出血,次日头部DSA造影显示右侧颈内动脉床突上动脉瘤复发,大小约9.5 mm×6 mm,经微导管超选进入动脉瘤内行动脉瘤栓塞术,共填入microplex弹簧圈9枚;复查DSA造影见动脉瘤栓塞致密。术后患者呈嗜睡状态,CT检查显示脑积水明显,第20天行VP分流术,术后患者状态恢复可,1周后出院神清言语可,左侧肌力恢复正常。VP分流术后4个月,复查DSA造影见动脉瘤颈处复发,再行支架辅助栓塞治疗,共填入弹簧圈3枚;3个月后再次复查DSA造影未见动脉瘤复发,现患者生活完全自理。

讨论:BBA发生于颈内动脉无分支的床突上段,占颈内动脉瘤的0.9%~6.5%[1],血管造影表现为颈内动脉前壁不规则、宽基底、小的半球型突起,较快的形态学改变,短期内快速增大等特征。许多研究[2,3]表明,BBA不是囊性动脉瘤,而是一种特殊的假性动脉瘤或夹层动脉瘤。BBA动脉瘤壁非常薄,且较为脆弱。BBA的最初病因尚不清楚,可能与小的溃疡穿透内弹力层形成动脉壁的薄弱点有关。血流动力学因素也是不可忽视的重要因素,颈内动脉床突上段转向造成的血流冲击床突上段动脉壁增大了产生动脉瘤的可能性[4],瘤壁仅覆盖纤维组织和血管外膜且缺乏胶原纤维层[2]。胶原层缺失与术中动脉瘤破裂关系密切[5~8]。本例患者虽在动脉瘤夹闭术术中行荧光造影显示夹闭良好,但术后短期内迅速增大并破裂出血。考虑其再出血原因:①与BBA的组织学特征相关;②术后动脉瘤夹可能发生移位,造成夹闭不全,再出血;③行夹闭时未与血管平行夹闭;④术中荧光造影仅能观察当时动脉瘤夹闭的效果,但对于术后动脉瘤的发展无法预知。即使在术中荧光造影证实夹闭良好的床突上端动脉瘤,术后短期内应复查DSA造影,以确定动脉瘤是否复发。

由于BBA瘤体较小且薄弱,瘤颈宽,发生于床突上段,单纯行弹簧圈栓塞十分困难。Matsubara等[2]应用球囊辅助栓塞9例BBA患者,获得较为满意的结果。Lee等[9]应用支架辅助栓塞6例BBA,随访6个月,DSA造影显示栓塞致密的瘤体与双支架重建的管道之间出现空隙,表明新的血管内膜的生成。Gaughen等以单纯支架叠加技术治疗BBA,约50%患者出现瘤颈残余或动脉瘤再增大需要进一步处理。近期随着血流导向支架进入临床,应用血流导向支架治疗此种类型动脉瘤的报道增多[9],血流转向装置可以较好地解决其他各种技术无法达到的效果,比如既处理了动脉瘤同时又保留了颈内动脉的血供,特别适应于传统治疗方法无法处理动脉瘤而需要闭塞颈内动脉的BBA患者,解决了BBA栓塞或夹闭术后易复发,再出血机率高的病理学特性[10]。开颅手术治疗方面[11~13]包括夹闭动脉瘤瘤颈的同时夹闭一部分正常的颈动脉壁,以肌肉、棉片、筋膜包裹动脉瘤加强脆弱的动脉瘤壁,但是开颅手术,术中动脉瘤破裂,颈动脉撕裂出血风险较大[1,7,8]。刘峥等[14]行开颅手术夹闭的6例BBA中3例术中瘤颈处薄弱的颈动脉撕裂,即使有些患者术前行BOT实验证实侧支循环良好,术中闭塞颈内动脉,术后还是出现持久的血管痉挛,患者大多预后不良。鉴于本例患者治疗过程,我们认为开颅手术治疗再出血风险较高,应以介入治疗为主,介入治疗应以双支架覆盖瘤颈部并结合弹簧圈栓塞[15,16],治疗主要目的为加固薄弱的瘤颈,目前编织支架具有较高的金属覆盖面积,对瘤颈处封闭有积极作用[17~19]。本例患者最终双支架覆盖后复查未再见动脉瘤显影。说明瘤颈处已完全封闭。血流导向支架金属覆盖面积更高,但其尚缺乏长期的大宗病例随访[20]。

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[14] 刘峥,王守森,王如密,等.颈内动脉床突上段血泡样动脉瘤手术治疗[J].中华神经外科杂志,2011,27(7):652-655.

[15] Kim BM, Chung EC, Park SI, et al. Treatment of blood blister-like aneurysm of the internal carotid artery with stent-assisted coil embolization followed by stent-within-a-stent technique[J]. J Neurosurg, 2007,107(6):1211-1213.

[16] Gaughen JR Jr, Hasan D, DumontAS, et al. The efficacy of endovascular stent-ing in the treatment of supraclinoid internal carotid artery blister aneurysms using a stent-in-stent technique[J]. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 2010,31(6):1132-1138.

[17] Song J, Oh S, Kim MJ, et al. Endovascular treatment of ruptured blood blister-like aneurysms with multiple(≥3) overlapping Enterprise stents and coiling[J]. Acta Neurochir (Wien), 2016,158(4):803-809.

[18] Bulsara KR, Kuzmik GA, Ryan H, et al. Stenting as monotherapy for uncoilable intracranial aneurysms[J]. Neurosurgery, 2013,73(1 Suppl):80-85.

[19] Lim YC, Kim BM, Suh SH, et al. Reconstructive treatment of ruptured blood blister-like aneurysms with stent and coil[J]. Neurosurgery, 2013,73(3):480-488.

[20] Rouchaud A, Brinjikji W, Cloft HJ, et al. Endovascular treatment of ruptured blister-like aneurysms: a systematic review and meta-analysis with focus on deconstructive versus reconstructive and flow-diverter treatments[J]. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 2015,36(12):2331-2339.

2016-01-17)

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