德国私立应用技术大学：差异与发展——访德国私立大学联合会董事会主席克劳斯·赫金

具有“工程师的摇篮”之美誉的德国应用技术大学，在德国高等教育体系中占有重要一席，对德国的经济社会发展具有重要意义，对于我国地方高校的转型发展也具有一定的借鉴意义。作为应用技术大学重要组成部分的德国私立应用技术大学在德国高等教育体系中占有怎样的份额？发挥着怎样的作用？具有怎样的办学目标？师资有哪些特点？招收哪些学生？面临怎样的问题与挑战？对我国应用技术大学的发展具有怎样的启示？本期高端访谈围绕上述问题，对德国私立大学联合会董事会主席克劳斯·赫金教授进行了专访。

德国私立大学联合会董事会主席 克劳斯•赫金

●私立应用技术大学在社会中发挥着重要作用，学习型社会的形成离不开这些学校。这类学校的办学目标是为劳动力市场提供优秀的人才。学生们应具备“跳出盒子想问题”的思维模式。私立高校和行业之间的联系非常紧密。

《大学》：赫金教授您好！您如何看待私立应用技术大学在德国高等教育体系中的作用和地位？

克劳斯·赫金教授(以下简称赫金教授)：德国共有432所高校，其中应用技术大学208所，约占48%。在应用技术大学中，私立高校103所，公立高校105所。德国共有120所私立大学，其中私立应用技术大学就占了86%。私立应用技术大学在社会中发挥着重要作用，如果没有它们，许多人将无法获得大学学位。学习型社会的形成离不开这些学校。许多高校允许学生一边工作一边学习。对于很多学生来说，他们是不可能不要工作不要收入地回到大学学习的。

University:What do you think about the role and status of priuate universities of applied science in Germany higher education system?

Professor Klaus Hekking(Professor Hekking):There are 432 higher education institutions in Germany altogether, among which there are 208 universities of applied science. There are 103 private universities of applied science and 105 state funded universities of applied science. In the 120 private universities, the private universities of applied science account for 86%. They have a very important role in the society as without private universities of applied sciences many people would not be able to obtain a university degree. Academization of the society would not be possible without them. Many universities enable the students to study and work at the same time. For a large number of students it is not possible to stop working and go back to the university without income.

《大学》：德国应用技术大学的办学目标是什么？

赫金教授：这类高校的办学目标是为劳动市场提供优秀的人才。学生们应具备“跳出盒子想问题”的思维模式，能够理解公司的整体市场目标，而不是仅仅完成公司交代的任务。在与公立高校竞争时还要能够激发企业活力。

University:What’s the goal of universities of applied science in Germany?

Professor Hekking:The goal is to prepare excellent employees for the labor market. They should be able to think out of the box and understand the company’s overall market goals, not just to ful fi ll tasks given. Also to vitalize the business when it comes to competing with state funded higher education institutions.

《大学》：行业企业以什么形式、在多大程度上参与应用技术类大学的人才培养?行业企业与应用技术大学之间有怎样的合作机制？

赫金教授：私立高校和行业之间的联系非常紧密。学校经常应某些行业部门的要求开办一些课程项目，或者是根据行业的需求来设计一些课程。学生们会被安排到行业企业中来完成他们的实习工作。通常私立大学的就业指导办公室与行业之间的联系非常密切，可以为学生们提供有关实习或毕业求职方面的建议。

University:To what extent does the industry participate in talents cultivation in the universities of applied science? And in what form?What’s the cooperation mechanism?

Professor Hekking：Private universities and the industry work together closely. Often programs are launched at the request of some certain industry branch or a certain course is designed according to the needs of the industry. Students are placed in the industry in order to complete their internship. Usually the career of fi ces at private universities are very well connected to the industry and can offer advice to the students no matter if it is about internships or fi nding the right job after graduation.

《大学》：在德国，私立应用技术大学和其他类型高校最大的区别是什么？

赫金教授：私立高校和公立高校之间最大的区别是，在私立高校，个别指导发挥重要的作用，学校采用小班教学，并向学生提供全程帮助，学生获得学位的时间更短。由于各班人数非常少，所有的教授都非常了解他们的学生，并为学生们提供个别指导。私立应用技术大学的辍学率是7%，而公立大学是20%。

University:What’s the most signi fi cant difference between the private universities of applied science and other types of higher education institutions in Germany?

Professor Hekking：The biggest difference between private and state funded universities is that at private universities individual approach plays an important role. Students are taught in smaller groups, less time is needed to get an academic degree and on every step of the way help is provided. As the groups at private universities are fairly small and all the professors know their students, individual solutions are offered. The dropout rate of private universities of applied science is 7%, compared to 20% at public universities.

●应用技术大学的教师队伍如今更加国际化。应用技术大学的教授通常具有多年的行业工作经验。最理想的情况是实践教学经验和研究相结合。不进行教学的纯研究工作并不是长久之计。

《大学》：应用技术大学的师资和其他类型高校的师资的主要区别是什么？

赫金教授：应用技术大学的教师通常持有大学（博士）学位，并在高等教育机构外获得一些实践经验；他们至少有几年的工作经验。但作为大学教授的前提是，大学教育经历、教学能力、晋升以及其他科研成果都是评估教授资格或初级教授资格的必备条件。

University:What’s the main difference of the faculty between the applied science and other higher education institutions?

Professor Hekking：Faculty members at a university of applied science usually hold a university degree(PhD) and have gained practical experience outside higher education institutions; they have worked at least for a few years. Preconditions for the university professor, however, are given when a university education, teaching ability, a promotion and other scienti fi c achievements, which must have been provided as part of a habilitation or a junior professorship, can be proven.

《大学》：应用技术大学的全职教师、兼职教师以及来自行业企业的教师大概各占怎样的比例？

赫金教授：至少有50%的教授必须是全职教授。他们的研究预算不能全都来自校外。每所大学都必须有所谓的学术核心，而且必须向学生提供。

University:What percentage do different kinds of teachers account for, such as the full-time professor, parttime professor, and professor from the industry?

Professor Hekking：At least 50% of all the professors have to be full time professors. Their research budget should not be raised 100% outside of the university. So called academic heart of the university must be present at every campus and also available to the students.

《大学》：在应用技术大学中，是否有对教师这样的划分，比如说一些教师主要负责教学，而一些教师主要负责研究工作而没有教学任务？或者是将教师划分为理论型教师和实践型教师？

赫金教授：最理想的是实践教学经验和研究相结合。不进行教学的纯研究工作并不是长久之计，如果是为了参加某个国际研究项目，可以选择暂时这么做。

University:Is there such classi fi cation in the universities of applied science as dividing the faculty into the teacher who only focus on teaching and the teacher who mainly do research without teaching load? Or theoryoriented teacher and practice-oriented teacher?

Professor Hekking：Ideal combination consists of practical teaching experience and research. Research without any teaching is not an option. A teaching free term might be given in order to participate in an international research project.

《大学》：应用技术大学教师具有怎样的特点？

赫金教授：应用技术大学的教师队伍如今更加国际化。应用技术大学的教授通常具有多年的行业工作经验。

University:What do you think about the faculty’s professional development in the universities of applied science?

Professor Hekking：The faculties have become much more international. The professors have worked outside the university and bring years of industry experience with them.

●近年来，在私立应用技术大学就读的学生数量逐年上升。通常所有的毕业生在实习期间就能够在劳动市场上积累经验，并且明确地知道到自己想要什么。

《大学》：应用技术大学一般招收哪些学生？

赫金教授：通常是应届高中毕业生以及决定继续或开始学业的一些职员。他们一般会在工作以外的业余时间攻读函授学位或学习一些额外的职业课程。

University:Usually what kinds of student are enrolled in the universities of applied science?

Professor Hekking：There are students who have just graduated from high school and also employees who decide to continue or to start their studies. They can combine their work life and studies while taking part time,correspondence degree or extra occupational courses.

《大学》：在私立应用技术大学就读的学生发展前景如何？

赫金教授：近年来，在私立应用技术大学就读的学生数量逐年上升。尽管人口发展不会有太大的变化，但学生的数量将会持续增长。许多学生不是应届高中毕业生。每年都会有更多的员工决定利用业余时间学习以获取大学学历，或学习额外的职业课程并获得大学学位。在过去十年，私立大学的数量增加了16%，公立高校仅增加了1.4%。

University:What kind of growth is expected to obtain from the experience in the universities of applied science for the students?

Professor Hekking：In the recent years the number of students at private universities has been growing continuously. Although there is not going to be big change in the demographic development the number of students is expected to grow. Many students are not recent high school graduates. Every year more and more employers decide to take up part time or extra-occupational studies in order to obtain a university degree. Also the number of private universities has increased 16% during the past decade, state funded universities only 1.4%.

《大学》：私立应用技术大学是否比其他类型高校更重视毕业生的就业问题？

赫金教授：基本上所有的私立应用技术大学都会设置一个就业中心，帮助学生在学习期间在合适的公司找个合适的实习岗位，甚至能在实习期后帮助他们找份工作。咨询工作对学生非常重要，能够在学生需要的时候为他们提供指导。

University:Is the graduates’ job placement given much more attention in the universities of applied science than in other universities?

Professor Hekking: Almost every private university of applied science has a Career Center which helps the students to fi nd a suitable internship in an appropriate company during their studies and later on even can help fi nding a job. Counselling plays an important role and offers the students guidance when needed.

《大学》：应用技术大学更期待毕业生就业还是自主创业？

赫金教授：毕业生们在学校里经过了良好的教育后都能够找到一个工作或开启自己的创业历程。通常所有的毕业生在实习期间就能够在劳动市场上积累经验，并且明确地知道到自己想要什么。

University:Are graduates of the universities of applied science supposed to fi nd a job in the market, or to initiate their own business after graduation?

Professor Hekking：The graduates are well educated and can either fi nd a job or start their own business.Usually all the graduates have gathered experience in the labor market during their internship and know exactly what to expect.

●所有的私立应用技术大学都会接受定期的鉴定审核。私立高校受到的不平等待遇是它所面临的一个挑战。高校应明确国家真正的需求，然后开办一些符合市场需求的学位项目。

《大学》：并非每所高校都能够被承认为是应用技术大学，德国是否存在应用技术大学的准入标准或退出机制？

赫金教授：所有的私立应用技术大学都会进行定期的鉴定审核。不同的学位项目必须定期进行重新审核，私立应用技术大学的一般概念必须经国家科技部的认证和授权。

University:Not any higher education institution could be recognized to be university of applied science;therefore, are there any basic criteria to permit or relinquish the development of a university of applied science?

Professor Hekking：All private universities of applied science are accredited and audited regularly. The different degree programs offered must be re-accredited after certain amount of time and also the general concept of the private universities of applied sciences must be accredited and licensed by the ministry of science.

《大学》：在德国谁负责监管或评估私立应用技术大学办学质量？

赫金教授：所有的私立应用技术大学都会由德国科学委员会进行认证。此外，认证委员会还会通过认证机构检查学校的办学质量。

University:Who is responsible for supervising or evaluating the quality of private universities of applied science in Germany?

Professor Hekking：All private universities of applied science are accredited by German Scientific Council. Additionally the Accreditation Council checks the quality through accreditation agencies.

《大学》：您认为德国私立应用技术大学目前面临哪些问题和挑战？

赫金教授：大多数公开招投标仅面向国立大学。私立高校受到的不平等待遇是它所面临的一个挑战，我们希望在不久的将来能够解决这一问题。

University:In your opinion, what problems and challenges are the private universities of applied science in Germany confronted currently?

Professor Hekking：Many public tenders are only for state funded universities. Unfair treatment of private universities is a challenge that we hope to solve in the future.

《大学》：谢谢您接受我们的访谈！

University:Thank you for sharing with us your thoughts!