邓 佩 闵 敏 刘 岩 王桂良 徐 杨
军事医学科学院附属医院消化内科(100071)
循环microRNA与炎症性肠病的研究进展
邓佩闵敏*刘岩王桂良徐杨
军事医学科学院附属医院消化内科(100071)
摘要MicroRNA(miRNA)是一类具有调控功能的非编码RNA,作为转录后调控因子参与真核生物基因表达水平的调控。炎症性肠病(IBD)是一种慢性非特异性肠道炎性疾病,病因尚未完全明确。目前研究表明,循环miRNA在IBD患者体内存在特异性表达。本文就循环miRNA在IBD中的研究作一综述。
关键词炎症性肠病;结肠炎,溃疡性;Crohn病;微RNAs;循环
Circulating MicroRNAs and Inflammatory Bowel Disease
DENGPei,MINMin,LIUYan,WANGGuiliang,XUYang.DepartmentofGastroenterology,AffiliatedHospitalofAcademyofMilitaryMedicalSciences,Beijing(100071)
Correspondence to: MIN Min, Email: minmin823@sina.com
AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of non-coding RNA molecules having modulating function, and as a post transcriptional modulating factor is involved in the modulation of expression of eukaryotic genes. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic non-specific intestinal inflammatory disease and its etiology has not yet been fully clarified. Recent studies have shown that circulating miRNAs were specifically expressed in patients with IBD. This article reviewed the advances in studies on circulating miRNAs and IBD.
Key wordsInflammatory Bowel Disease;Colitis, Ulcerative;Crohn Disease;MicroRNAs;Circulating
MicroRNA(miRNA)是在真核生物中发现的一类具有调控功能的非编码RNA,长度为18~24个核苷酸,作为转录后调控因子参与真核生物基因表达水平的调控。miRNA在转录后水平通过与靶mRNA的3’端非翻译区结合,互补识别靶基因,引起靶基因降解或抑制其翻译活性,实现对靶基因表达的调控[1]。近年来已在动植物体内发现了上百余种miRNA,其在细胞增殖、凋亡、分化、代谢等过程中起着重要作用。研究表明,miRNA参与了包括炎症等多种病理生理过程,其调控的免疫反应在应对刺激因子和病原入侵的过程中发挥重要作用[2]。有学者将人类血浆、血清中的miRNA称为循环miRNA(circulating miRNA),其以分泌体或微小泡形式包裹于磷脂双分子膜内,稳定存在于外周血液中,具有良好的稳定性以及对抗外界环境的能力[3-5]。研究表明,循环miRNA在炎症性肠病(IBD)患者体内存在特异性表达。本文就循环miRNA在IBD中的研究作一综述。
2008年Lawrie等[6]首次在人类血清中发现了循环miRNA,并发现弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)患者血清miR-21表达上调,其水平与DLBCL患者无复发生存期相关。此后有学者在不同疾病患者的血浆或血清中检测到多种miRNA,并发现不同疾病的循环miRNA表达谱亦不相同。Gilad等[7]的研究发现,孕妇血清中有12个miRNA的表达水平是非孕妇的5倍,且表达水平随胎龄增加而升高。Taylor等[8]在同一患者的卵巢癌细胞和血清肿瘤外泌体中均检测到218个成熟miRNA,其中8个卵巢癌特异性miRNA在肿瘤细胞和外泌体中的表达水平一致。Vasilescu等[9]对脓毒症患者和健康人的血浆miRNA进行检测,发现脓毒症患者血浆miR-150水平明显降低,且水平与疾病严重程度呈负相关。上述研究提示循环miRNA谱在不同疾病过程中起着重要角色。
一、循环miRNA与炎症性疾病
研究[10-13]表明,miRNA参与调节免疫反应和免疫细胞发育,在炎症性疾病中起着至关重要的作用,如miR-181a可调节T细胞受体信号;miR-146a参与调节先天免疫反应;过表达的miR-150可抑制B细胞发育成熟等。在炎症性疾病患者体内,免疫细胞造成的组织损伤可能有助于miRNA在血清中释放。
循环miRNA在多种炎症性疾病中发挥作用。Akbas等[14]检测了正常对照组和慢性阻塞性肺病患者血清miRNA表达水平,结果显示与对照组相比,慢性阻塞性肺病患者血清miR-7表达上升,血清miR-20a、miR-28-3p、miR-34c-5p以及miR-100表达下降。 Fu等[15]对活动性肺结核患者研究发现,血清miR-29a诊断活动性肺结核患者的敏感性和特异性分别为83%和80%。Bala等[16]的研究表明,在不同因素导致的肝损伤小鼠模型中,循环miRNA的表达有所不用,其可作为鉴别肝细胞损伤和炎症的标记物。
二、循环miRNA与IBD
IBD是一种慢性非特异性肠道炎性疾病,包括溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC)和克罗恩病(Crohn’s disease, CD),其病因和发病机制目前尚未完全明确,主要认为与宿主遗传学、免疫反应和环境因素等相关[17]。miRNA在IBD患者的靶器官和外周血中均存在特异性表达。目前相关研究已在IBD患者体内检测出100余个具有差异性表达的miRNA[18]。Fasseu等[19]采用实时定量PCR对UC、CD患者以及健康对照人群结肠黏膜miRNA表达进行研究,发现UC、CD患者结肠黏膜中miR-126*、miR-127-3p、miR-26a、miR-29b、miR-324-3p表达水平升高。Paraskevi等[20]采RT-PCR检测128例CD患者、88例UC患者和162名健康对照者的循环miRNA表达谱,发现CD患者外周血miR-16、miR-23a、miR-29a、miR-106a、miR-107、miR-126、miR-191、miR-199a-5p、miR-200c、miR-362-3p和miR-532-3p表达水平显著升高;UC患者miR-16、miR-21、miR-28-5p、miR-151-5p、miR-155和miR-199a-5p表达水平显著升高,尤其miR-155;研究亦表明,miRNA可用于鉴别CD与UC患者。Wu等[21]通过分析外周血miRNA的表达水平,区分活动期和非活动期CD、UC患者以及健康对照者,结果显示miR-505*在活动期UC中的表达较活动期CD显著降低,miR-28-5p、miR-103-2*、miR-149*、miR-151-5p、miR-340*、miR-532-3p以及miRplus-E1153在活动期UC中的表达较活动期CD显著升高,提示循环miRNA可作为鉴别UC与CD的临床指标。上述研究表明,不同亚型IBD患者的循环miRNA表达水平具有一定差异,循环miRNA有望作为诊断IBD的标记物。
三、循环miRNA与UC
Wu等[21]通过比较活动性和非活动性UC患者外周血miRNA,发现miR-28-5p、miR-151-5p、miR-199a-5p、miRplus-E1271以及miR-362-3p等在活动性UC患者外周血中表达升高,miR-103-2*、miR-362-3p、miR-532-3p在活动性和非活动性UC患者外周血中均升高,miR-505*在两者中均下调,此与Paraskevi等[20]的研究结果一致。Duttagupta等[22]采用微阵列显著性分析和支持向量机非概率二元线性分类法对20例UC患者和20名健康对照者的外周血标本进行研究,发现了31个差异性表达的血小板衍生miRNA,其中has-miR-188-5p、has-miR-422a、has-miR-378、has-miR-500、has-miR-501-5p、has-miR-769-5p以及has-miR-874在UC患者外周血中的表达显著升高,上述miRNA联合检测诊断UC的准确率为92.8%,特异性为96.2%,敏感性为89.5%。
四、循环miRNA与CD
Zahm等[23]的研究发现,儿童CD患者与正常对照组相比,血清miR-16、let-7b、miR-195、miR-106a、miR-20a、miR-30e、miR-140、miR-484、miR-93、miR-192以及miR-21表达升高,血清miRNA诊断CD的敏感性>80%,治疗6个月后血清miRNA水平显著降低。Wu等[21]采用miRNA芯片检测活动性、非活动性CD患者以及正常对照者血清样本,发现活动性CD患者miR-199a-5p、miR-340*、miR-362-3p、miR-532-3p以及miRplus-E1271表达升高,以miR-362-3p最为明显,miR-149和miR-1056表达下降,miR-340*在非活动性和活动性CD患者血清中均升高,miR-149*均下降,而miRplus-F1065仅在活动性CD患者血清中下降。上述研究提示循环miRNA可作为检测CD的非侵入性生物标记物。
五、miRNA与IBD相关上皮内瘤变
目前已有研究[24]表明,miRNA参与调节炎症反应,同时在肿瘤形成中发挥重要作用。 Olaru等[25]的研究显示,在慢性结肠炎症→IBD→肿瘤的演变过程中,miR-224表达水平持续升高,此种过表达状态可作为评估IBD相关上皮内瘤变的生物标志。Svrcek等[26]的研究发现,miR-155在IBD和IBD相关上皮内瘤变结肠黏膜中过表达,在IBD相关结直肠癌中miR-155过表达可延伸至远处非肿瘤性黏膜,因此推测可通过对miR-155表达进行监测,预防和评估IBD相关上皮内瘤变的治疗效果。Ludwig等[27]的研究表明,miR-21在活动期IBD和IBD相关上皮内瘤变中表达升高,而在非活动期IBD和正常人群中表达下降,此有助于对IBD相关上皮内瘤变组织学的评估。Kanaan等[28]对CD患者研究发现,从炎症组织发展至上皮内瘤变的过程中,miR-181a、miR-146b-5p、let-7e、miR-17表达呈升高趋势,而在上皮内瘤变转变为肿瘤后,let-7e、miR-17、miR-143表达水平下降。Olaru等[29]的研究显示,从IBD正常黏膜发展至上皮内瘤变的过程中,miR-31表达升高。上述研究提示监测miRNA的表达有利于评估IBD的疾病进展。
六、结语
综上所述,关于miRNA与IBD的关系已成为研究热点。目前已证实miRNA参与了IBD的发生、发展。随着实验方法和技术的发展,有关miRNA在IBD中的作用将进一步明确。特异性循环miRNA有望作为诊断IBD的生物标记物,并可为IBD治疗提供新靶点,从而有助于临床诊疗。
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(2015-04-23收稿;2015-08-20修回)
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1008-7125.2016.02.014
*本文通信作者,Email: minmin823@sina.com