文献与思想并重 微观与宏观结合——评林久贵《阮元经学研究》

郭康松，胡　涛（湖北大学文学院，湖北武汉430062）

文献与思想并重微观与宏观结合——评林久贵《阮元经学研究》

郭康松，胡涛
（湖北大学文学院，湖北武汉430062）

作为一位“身历乾嘉文物鼎盛之时，主持风会数十年，海内学者奉为山斗”的重要人物，阮元不仅在当时赢得了朝野的一致赞誉，也引发了后世学者的高度重视和关注。阮元的学术研究涉及的领域十分广泛，他在经学、训诂学、校勘学、名物制度学、目录学、史学、金石学、科技史、文学等领域都取得了令人瞩目的成就。而阮元一生研究精力所萃，尤在经学，“只有对他经学成就与思想进行深入探讨，才能真正把握其治学精神，认识其治学旨趣所在，也才能使我们看到一个较为真实的官员及学者形象的阮元”。因此，林久贵《阮元经学研究》专门从经学的角度来探讨阮元学术及思想成就，是研究阮元经学的第一部著作，对我们把握阮元学术的精髓，能收到提纲契领之效。

《阮元经学研究》的作者因长期从事文献整理与研究工作，具有厚实的古典文献学基础，在进行阮元经学研究时，深知文献文本解读的重要性，遵循了乾嘉考据学派由小学以通经明道的治学原则，在撰写该书时将文献分析与思想研究紧密结合。作者并没有局限于对阮元相关研究成果进行简单总结、评介，而是在细致分析的基础上，深入探讨其中所蕴含的思想，做到了文献与思想并重。比如阮元组织编纂的《皇清经解》，具有多方面的学术价值，之前的论述多集中于它的编纂、刊刻，以及它所具有资料、版本价值。《阮元经学研究》在详细阅读《皇清经解》文本的基础上，充分发掘出了它的经学史价值。作者认为阮元将顾炎武的《左传杜解补正》、《音论》、《易论》、《诗本音》和《日知录》五部著作列于《皇清经解》的开篇，不是随意的，而是有其深远的考虑。这反映了阮元视顾炎武为清代考据学开山人物的观点。清代学者江藩在《国朝汉学师承记》中列阎若璩于首位，其次是胡渭，且并不打算收录顾炎武、黄宗羲等学术大家，而阮元认为清学的开山人物是顾炎武与黄宗羲，意在强调他们所从事的学术所具有的经世意义，是兼顾学术与思想的综合考量，十分有见地。其次，作者分析出《皇清经解》中反映了清中前期经学研究的基本格局及研究形式的变化，发前人所未发。除了《皇清经解》，本书还重点分析了《十三经注疏校勘记》、《经籍籑诂》以及《考工记车制图解》、《明堂论》、《明堂图说》等作品。可以说，在细致的文本分析下，《阮元经学研究》对阮元的经学思想与学术贡献进行了更深入的理论探讨。

高水平的研究，必须微观分析与宏观把握兼具。《阮元经学研究》对阮元经学成就与思想的研究运用了比较研究和动态研究方法，很好地做到了微观与宏观的结合。清代乾嘉时期学术以朴学为盛，学者多长于经学考证。但阮元与其他一般学者不太相同，他在经学考证的同时，并没有忽略义理方面的探求，具有将经典考据与义理探求有机结合的治经特色。《阮元经学研究》在研究阮元经学成就的同时，对此方面也有细致的分析。作者对阮元“仁学”观的重建、“性命”说的新释、倡“圣贤之道，无非实践”新观念等理学命题都进行了深入的论说，认为阮元对经学领域诸重要范畴的阐释，努力廓清千百年来重重误说，推明原始儒家经义，倡导新的经学观念及新的经学研究范式。他在经学研究中，结合现实问题，努力发掘那些习见观念、范畴的新内涵，以“推阐古圣贤训世之意，务在切于日用，使人人可以身体力行”，可谓切中肯綮。

《阮元经学研究》并没有因为研究对象的限定，仅将视野局限在阮元一人，而是在更宏阔的背景下对阮元的经学进行研究。首先，作者详细分析了阮元学术的渊源，具体论述了顾炎武、毛奇龄、戴震，以及扬州地域学术圈对阮元学术的影响。其次，在对阮元学术成就作了深入研究后，作者专门用一章的篇幅论述了阮元经学对清中后期汉宋兼采的学风、今文经学兴起的重要影响。尤其值得一提的是，作者还专门分析了阮元的礼学研究对清中后期礼学及实学思潮兴盛的影响。作者总结出阮元礼学思想有这样几个特点：第一，阮元认为“礼学与理学异”、“理必附于礼以行”；第二，阮元提出“性”本天成，“情发于性”、“欲生于情”，但“欲在有节”，“须治之以礼”；第三，阮元认为“器者所以藏礼”，强化“器”的社会功能；第四，阮元强调“礼”的践履特性，突出“礼”的社会效应。作者进而通过对清中前期、中后期礼学的实际情况进行综合比较，认为“清中后期的礼学研究者承续了阮元治礼强调礼的践履性和社会性特点，体现出学者对现实的关怀，使礼学研究成为当时兴起的经世实学的重要组成部分。他们共同推动了此时期礼学的发展”，这既彰显了阮元的礼学思想，又阐明了其对后学的影响。

综观《阮元经学研究》，作者将对阮元学术思想的深入分析建立在对文献的细致解读基础上，使论述资料翔实又具有理论深度；在重点关注阮元的同时，自觉将视野扩展至清前、中、后期整个学术背景上，使读者对阮元经学成就与思想的理解更加透彻，体现了作者在阮元研究领域所做出的新成绩。

［责任编辑：黄文红］

Abstracts of Main Essays

On the Construction and Practice of Popularizable Moral Doctrine: Possibility and Limitation YAN Hui

Each value in this world can be proved，but not each of them can be confirmed. This kind of value must belong to“ought to be”. Kant confirms that his principle“human beings should be treated as ends rather than as means”is the most basic and highest moral law which can be universalized. The moral law is“thought to be a correct value”. At the same time，as a moral law which can be practiced and realized，it has a closely correlation with the modern society. In order to turn these moral laws into actualized moral principles，those universalized laws must be changed into certain principles like efficiency and fairness in economics，justice and equality in politics and respect and modesty in public relationship. Furthermore，an individual’s moral obligation and an organization’s moral responsibility should be specified. Only in market can the construction and practice of universalized moral laws come true.

Study on JIA Pinwa’s Literary Writing Themes and Styles during the Past Two Decades：Perseverance and Adaptation

LI Yu-chun

It has been more than 40 years since Jia Pingwa published his first novel in 1973，and he has produced a number of classic novels. Through combing his fictions in these forty years，this article tries to explain that Jia Pingwa continuously pays attention to the countryside and people’s emotional changes from the interaction between the urban and rural areas，which contributes a sad elegy upon contemporary Chinese countryside. In his novels，he always insists on the realism，the early novels are influenced by the revolutionary realism，and the intermediate stage has a characteristics of magic realism，and his later creations show a tendency of naturalism. Jia Pingwa’s works are an important milestone in contemporary Chinese literature history.

Etymological Analysis on the Conceptual Evolution of Chinese Character ZHONG from the Philosophical Perspective

CHEN Dao-de，GAO Yong-han

“Zhong”is an important concept in Chinese traditional culture. It consists of“flags”and“drums”from the origin of this character，suggesting that it represents the“central authority”of one group or tribe. It could be discovered that there is an evolution process from“physics”to“metaphysics”when people are trying to explore the meaning of“Zhong”. In the beginning，“Zhong”represented the central location of one group or tribe，and later on it was developed into“the center”of the space and formed the phrases of“the center of earth”，“the center of sky”and“the center of universe”.“Zhong”was still used in the meaning of physics though the meaning began to be abstracted and activated. With the further abstraction of“Zhong”by Confucius and other philosophers before Qin Dynasty，there came into the meaning of philosophy and formed important philosophy terms，such as“golden mean”and“golden Taoism”，which means that the meaning has been converted into the metaphysics from physics，while the worship and respect of Chinese people towards Zhong made great contribution to this great leap.

Study on the Early Confucian Interpretations of Chinese Monarchism Legitimacy and Some Other Issues from the Recordings of Shanghai Museum Chu-bamboo Tablets

DING Si-xin，ZOU Xiao-yu

From the view of Shanghai Museum Chu slips，the attitudes shown by early Confucians toward the legitimacy of regality and other related questions are as the following：Firstly，regality originates from Heaven（天）and People（民）and its aim is to realize “Tianxia weigong”（the great harmony），which is the ideal of rule of virtue. It also means to build such a harmonious society in which people could settle down，get on with their pursuits and accomplish themselves. Thus it can be seen that regality—in essence，is a“common tool”（“公器”）which comes from people and is ultimately used for them. Secondly，the three bases of the

legitimacy of regality are the order of Heaven，the will of people and the function of virtue，all of which have the inherent consistency and interaction. They lay a foundation for the legitimacy of regality and the aspect of virtue is the most fundamental. Thirdly，benevolence is the way to gain and maintain regality. According to this，governors need not only to cultivate themselves and establish virtue but also to govern people by humanity and guide people toward goodness. Only by this can governors adapt to the order of Heaven and satisfy the will of people and finally get the legitimacy of governing.

Analysis on the Congruence between Syntax and Semantics: Cornerstone of Semantic Formalization

LIN Sheng-qiang，ZOU Chong-Li

Semantic formalization has been the bottleneck in Chinese Information Processing for both linguistics and computational linguistics in China. For the purpose of semantic formalization，it is necessary to apply the Principle of Synta-semantic Correspondence，which means that the syntactic computationality can be projected onto the semantic computationality. However，in natural language，it is not easy to establish syntax-semantic interface，and the problems are mainly caused by those non-continuous. In these structures，there are some special semantic elements which should be the focus of formal semantics，because they are noncompositional and constitute obstacles for application of the Principle Correspondence.

Retrospection on the Modern Chinese Drama Development and Its Major Features（1840-1949）

ZHENG Chuan-yin

Analyzing modern history of Chinese opera from 1840 to 1949，two distinctive periods could be marked out with the time line of the end of 19thcentury and the beginning of 20thcentury：the former one witnesses the turning point in the competition between regional operas“Hua”and Kunqu Opera“Ya”（Hua Ya Zhi Zheng），in which“Hua”，with Peking Opera as the best representative，overshadows“Ya”，namely，Kunqu Opera，to become dominant in China；while the later period，taking the newly introduced drama（Xin Ju）as its major reference，features alignment in theme and stage art. Fighting against imperialism and anti-feudalism，striving for national salvation and survival along with initial acceptance of tragedy beauty and extensive employment of variety rhymes（Banshi Bianhua Ti）constitute the defining features of modern Chinese opera.

Study on the Contributions of the Neo-Philological School to the Promotion of Modern Chinese Academic Transformation

DONG En-qiang

Modern China is an era of transformation，and it also saw the transformation of Chinese academic studies. In the early years of the Republic of China，this transition was accelerated. New school of textual research made indelible contribution to the transition，and they showed different view and philosophy on academic study in comparison with old schools. On historical literature everything is equal and has its value；moreover，the range of it should be enlarged. Since the expansion of historical literature，new research fields（such as studies on DunHuang，Jiagu，archaeology，folklore，etc.）have been exploited with the power of new school of textual research. As regard to academic view，they advocate the idea of“for the academic study”，and pursue truth not application practice.

Study on the Power Disposition Perfection of Land Expropriation Approval Power

ZOU Ai-hua，LOU Ming-yue

China’s current land expropriation rights configuration is flawed，leaving the behaviors of local government uncontrolled，which can’t effectively protect the arable land resources and the legitimate rights and interests of person deprived of land. And these problems are expressed in a specific performance as follows：local governments become the subject of illegal land seizures；the conflict with arable land protection and economic development is being intensified；the relief for the central government’s decision of land requisition is close to blank. Reasons of the above results including the longitudinal approval rights is overly focused on one point，the transverse approval right exists monopoly，the central approval rights does not match the responsibility . Therefore，it is necessary to carry out the following reforms for a better configuration of land expropriation rights：delegate land expropriation rights to the county-level government；the local provincial municipal people’s congress is empowered to wield the approval rights；transfer the central approval rights to the Ministry of natural resources.