索朗次仁
(西藏山南地区人民医院普通外科,西藏山南 856000)
·临床研究·
输尿管硬镜联合软镜处理>2 cm的特殊类型肾结石
索朗次仁
(西藏山南地区人民医院普通外科,西藏山南856000)
摘要:目的探讨输尿管硬镜联合输尿管软镜在大于2 cm的特殊肾结石中的应用价值。方法本实验选取70例患者(年龄为35~72岁),其中肾盂结石44例,肾盏结石26例。①肾盂结石:Ⅰ期行输尿管硬镜钬激光碎石,尽量将结石粉碎,术后留置双J管1~4周,Ⅱ期行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术清除肾内残余结石;②肾盏结石:Ⅰ期于患侧留置双J管1~4周,Ⅱ期行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗。对手术次数、手术时间、结石清除率(术后无结石残留)、住院时间、手术并发症等进行分析;并比较术前术后血清肌酐(Scr)、肾小球滤过率(GFR)情况。结果Ⅰ期硬镜碎石留置双J管后,结石清除率为(8%);Ⅱ期软镜下行钬激光碎石取石,结石清除率95.2%。两次平均手术时间及住院时间分别为(46.2±2.3)(50~145) min、(7.5±0.6)(6~15)d。术前与术后1月血清Scr分别为(100.6±1.23)(66.2~151.4)μmol/L、(83.7±4.8)(58.6~116.7)μmol/L(P<0.05);GFR分别为(57.6±2.4 )(30~115) mL/min、(65.4±0.2)(72~120) mL/min(P<0.05)。手术顺利,术后有3例出现高热,1例发展为脓毒血症,经保守治疗均痊愈。结论输尿管硬镜联合软镜是治疗特殊肾结石的一种安全有效的方法。
关键词:肾结石;输尿管硬镜;输尿管软镜
泌尿系结石是一种全球性的疾病,常用的微创外科治疗方法主要有体外冲击波碎石术、经皮肾镜碎石取石术及输尿管镜碎石术。输尿管镜碎石术又分为输尿管硬镜及输尿管软镜碎石术。输尿管软镜治疗肾结石具有微创、安全等优点,特别适用于肾结石直径小于2.0 cm的患者、老年体弱者、极度肥胖者、出血性疾病者和不适合采取体外冲击波碎石术、经皮肾镜碎石取石术治疗的患者[1-2]。但对于>2.0 cm的肾结石或输尿管上段结石合并肾内结石,各指南更多推荐经皮肾镜碎石取石术,而输尿管软镜碎石未作推荐。本研究针对>2.0 cm的肾结石,结合孤立肾、马碲肾、脊柱侧弯肾结石等特殊病例,采用一期输尿管硬镜钬激光碎石、二期输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗,取得良好效果,现报道如下。
1对象与方法
1.1一般资料入选标准:肾盂或肾盏结石>2 cm的孤立肾,马碲肾,脊柱侧弯等特殊肾结石。排除标准:未规律治疗的感染性结石、肾结核合并肾结石、有不能控制的全身出血性疾病、尿路上皮肿瘤合并肾结石患者、严重心肺功能不全及无法耐受手术者。
本研究入组患者70例,男36 例,女34例。年龄35~72岁,平均48岁。均因腰背部疼痛和血尿就诊,经超声、腹平片和(或)CT检查确诊为肾结石。记录入选患者术前及第二次手术1月后肾功能变化情况。肾结石单发33例,多发37例;结石位于肾盏26例,输尿管上段结石合并肾盂结石44例。结石直径2~4.0 cm,平均2.5 cm;其中45例为孤立肾肾孟结石、10例为脊柱侧弯患者的肾结石、马碲型肾结石10例、异位肾肾结石5例。所有患者术前无发热及脓尿。
1.2手术方法患者在全身麻醉下取截石位。Ⅰ期输尿管硬镜钬激光碎石:Wolf F 8~9.8 输尿管硬镜行经尿道输尿管镜钬激光碎石术,尽量将结石粉碎,术后留置双J管1~4周;疗效评价:术后复查B超或KUB,无残留结石或残留结石小于术前的1/2,且无临床症状为Ⅰ期碎石成功。Ⅱ期输尿管软镜钬激光碎石:OlympusF8.4输尿管软镜行经尿道输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术,尽量将结石粉碎,同时用网篮取出大部分碎石片。术后复查无结石残留为碎石成功[3]。
2结果
本组70例患者中,1例肾盂结石伴重度积水患者因术中发现输尿管重度狭窄,进镜困难而改用经皮肾镜碎石取石术。余69例进镜顺利。平均手术时间(45.2±8.6)(35~70)min。术中无输尿管穿孔、撕脱、大出血等并发症。平均住院时间(4.5±0.5)(4~7)d。术后无大出血、急性肾功能不全等并发症。1 例移植肾肾结石患者术后第2天出现高热,最高体温39.4 ℃,急查血常规WBC 20.2×109/L,中性粒细胞0.99,经抗感染治疗,术后第4天体温恢复正常,WBC 6.2×109/L。一期术后复查腹平片示6例(8%)患者结石无残留,余患者结石均缩小1/2以上。术后有3例出现高热,1例发展为脓毒血症,经保守治疗均痊愈。
本研究组二期手术于一期手术后1~4周内进行(依据患者就诊时间)。63例患者均顺利放置镜鞘并置入输尿管软镜,进镜成功率100%。患者碎石成功60例,手术成功率95.2%。3例术后结石残块>4 mm,行体外冲击波碎石处理。平均手术时间(44.3±8.5)(39~120) min。术中无输尿管穿孔、撕脱、大出血等并发症。平均住院时间(2.5±0.2)(3~5)d。
本研究入选患者两次平均手术时间之和及住院时间分别为(46.2±2.3)(50~145) min,(7.5±0.6)(6~15)d。术前与术后1月血清Scr分别为(100.6±1.23)(66.2~151.4) μmol/L,(83.7±4.8)(58.6~116.7) μmol/L(P<0.05);GFR分别为(57.6±2.4)(30~115) mL/min,(65.4±0.2)(72~120) mL/min(P<0.05)。
3讨论
对于>2.0 cm的上尿路结石,经皮肾镜碎石取石术目前为首选[4-5],但是,对于一些特殊病例如孤立肾、马蹄肾、脊柱侧弯、异位肾等肾结石,合并多种解剖和功能的改变,穿刺手术风险高,容易出血,血块梗阻加重肾功能损害、感染、损伤胸膜、肠管、甚至造成肾丢失等严重并发症[6]。
当孤立肾、马蹄肾、脊柱侧弯、异位肾并发结石时,出现梗阻的时间早、程度重,梗阻性无尿发生率远高于普通肾结石患者,同时由于结石易造成继发尿路 感染,因此以上特殊类型肾结石的危害更重,治疗需要更加及时。另外由于此类肾结石穿刺困难,穿刺风险比较大,从而使得经皮肾镜碎石取石术在此类患者中的应用受到极大限制[2, 7]。本研究一期应用硬性输尿管镜处理此类特殊类型结石,可以粉碎大部分结石,减轻软镜的使用负担;同时起到了扩张输尿管的作用,处理完大部分结石后留置双J管1~4周,为二期软性输尿管镜的操作建立了有效的通道,使软性输尿管镜进入输尿管变得相对容易,降低了操作难度,更好地保护了软性输尿管镜镜身,同时二期输尿管软镜仅仅处理残石,大大缩小软镜使用时间。
伴随腔内泌尿外科发展,输尿管软镜已经从最初的诊断手段发展成为最为重要的治疗手段,其通过灵活的转动角度几乎可到达所有肾盏,并可联合钬激光进行碎石[8]。特别是近年来性能更加令人满意的电子输尿管软镜开始应用于临床,更加显现出其治疗肾结石的有效性和微创性,更加符合微创的理念[9]。虽然目前泌尿外科指南对于>2 cm的肾结石,都推荐使用经皮肾镜碎石取石术,而输尿管软镜碎石未作推荐。从解剖关系来看:经皮肾镜并非治疗肾内结石的最佳选择,逆行肾内治疗肾结石才是最佳选择。因此我们认为一期输尿管硬镜钬激光碎石,二期输尿管软镜钬激光碎石治疗>2.0 cm的上尿路结石安全、有效,特别是对于孤立肾、马蹄肾、脊柱侧弯、异位肾肾结石等特殊病例值得推荐。
但是输尿管软镜手术也有不足之处,与经皮肾镜手术相比,存在时间较长、取石较慢的问题。本研究组结石比较大,因此我们首先采用输尿管硬镜钬激光碎石,平均手术时间(45.2±8.6)(35~70)min。第一次手术原则是尽量多碎石,但是严格控制手术时间(2 h以内),以降低此类高风险患者的手术并发症,第一次术后仅有1例患者出现高热等不良反应。本组资料显示,二期手术平均手术时间(44.3±8.5)(39~120) min。有报道示孤立肾结石经皮肾镜手术时间为70 min[10],本组二期手术时间稍长于经皮肾镜,影响输尿管软镜手术时间的因素与肾结石大小、 位置、 结石成分均有一定关系[11]。本组肾结石患者中,6例患者首次手术后无结石残留,接受二期手术的患者结石均明显缩小,对于2 cm以内的肾结石输尿管软镜效果良好,随着结石体积的增大,碎石成功率显著下降,常常需多次碎石以提高碎石成效。HUSSAIN等[12]报道显示,2 cm以上的肾结石患者,平均需要接受1.5次输尿管软镜手术,如将最终取双J管的膀胱镜手术计算在内,则每一个患者平均 接受2.3次输尿管镜手术。同时,为增加结石排出率,还需要输尿管镜与体外碎石、PCNL联合治疗[12]。
本研究组大部分患者虽然经历两次手术过程,但优点是经自然腔道碎石能尽大程度地保护肾功能,结石清除率高,可重复性高。一期输尿管硬镜碎石可以粉碎大部分结石,减轻软镜的使用负担,如光纤的损耗、软镜的损耗、取石篮的损耗并同时扩张输尿管,使二期输尿管软镜碎石更易行。况且两次输尿管软镜碎石成本更高。从临床路径来看,这种手术方法可以缩短住院时间、降低医疗成本、提高医疗安全性。本研究入选患者两次平均手术时间之后及住院时间分别为(46.2±2.3)(50~145)min、(7.5±0.6)(6~15)d,与国外报道经皮肾镜碎石取石手术时间相似[11]。从本研究患者术前术后的肾功能变化及肾小球滤过率来看这种治疗方式也是成功的。
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(编辑何宏灵)
收稿日期:2015-08-08修回日期:2015-11-1
作者简介:索朗次仁(1962-),男(藏族),学士,副主任医师.研究方向:泌尿系结石流行病学及分子致病机制.E-mail:slrc_xzsn@163.com
中图分类号:R629.4
文献标志码:A
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1009-8291.2016.03.012
Rigid combined flexible ureteroscopy and Holium laser lithotripsy is effective and safe in the treatment of kidney stones >2 cm
SUOLANG Ciren
(Department of Surgery, People’s Hospital of Shannan Hospital, Shannan 856000, China)
ABSTRACT:ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of rigid combined flexible ureteroscopy and Holium laser lithotripsy in the treatment of kidney stones >2 cm. MethodsA total of 70 consecutive patients aged 35-72 years were involved, including 44 cases of pelvic calculi and 26 cases of calyx calculi. For pelvic calculi, rigid ureterorenoscopy was adopted as the first-stage treatment, a double-J was left in this side of kidney for 1-4 weeks, and then the residual stones were removed with flexible ureterorenoscopy. For calyx calculi, in the first-stage, a double-J was left in this side of kidney for 1-4 weeks, and then flexible ureteroscopy was performed to remove the stones. The number of procedures, operation time, stone-free rate, hospitalization time and complications were evaluated. Stone-free status was defined as the absence of fragments. Serum creatinine (Scr) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were measured preoperatively, and 3 months postoperatively. ResultsThe initial stone-free status was achieved in 8% of the patients after rigid ureteroscopy, and the final stone-free rate (SFR) reached 95.2% after the second procedures. The mean operation time and mean hospitalization time were (46.2±2.3) (50-145)min and (7.5±0.6) (6-15) days, respectively. During preoperative period and postoperative period (1 month), Scr was (100.6±1.23) (66.2-151.4) μmol/L and (83.7±4.8) (58.6-116.7) μmol/L, respectively (P<0.05), while GFR were (57.6±2.4) (30-115)mL/min and (65.4±0.2) (72-120)mL/min, respectively (P<0.05). No major intraoperative complications were identified. Postoperative high-grade fever was observed in 3 patients, including 1 patient who developed sepsis. All these patients were successfully treated conservatively. ConclusionsRigid combined flexible ureteroscopy and holium laser lithotripsy is a safe and efficacious modality in the treatment of special kidney stones.
KEY WORDS:kidney stones; rigid ureteroscopy; flexible ureteroscopy