张爱建,肖芝松,赵佳祥,郑宝寿
(大理大学附属医院泌尿外科,云南 大理 671000)
钬激光碎石负压吸引在输尿管结石梗阻性脓肾中的应用
张爱建,肖芝松,赵佳祥,郑宝寿
(大理大学附属医院泌尿外科,云南 大理671000)
目的:探讨输尿管镜下应用钬激光碎石联合负压吸引装置在治疗输尿管结石梗阻性脓肾中的安全性及有效性。方法:回顾性分析2014年6月至2015年6月期间我科应用输尿管镜钬激光碎石联合负压吸引装置治疗的9例输尿管结石梗阻性脓肾患者的临床资料。患者输尿管结石平均直径0.6~1.6 cm,术前尿常规提示感染,给予抗感染治疗,术中均有脓性尿液,先通过负压吸引持续吸出引流肾内脓液,再在负压吸引的作用下应用钬激光击碎结石并留置双J管充分引流。结果:9例患者均手术解除了梗阻并留置双J管充分引流,8例患者Ⅰ期碎石成功;1例因患者一般情况较差,留置双J管提前结束手术,Ⅱ期行输尿管镜碎石术。手术时间10~30 min,平均20 min。所有患者术后均无感染性休克等严重并发症发生,术后经抗感染治疗均治愈出院。结论:输尿管镜术中负压吸引吸出肾内脓液有利于降低肾内压力、控制感染。输尿管镜下应用钬激光碎石联合负压吸引装置可Ⅰ期治疗输尿管结石梗阻性脓肾,具有清石率高、安全有效、并发症少、恢复快等优点。
输尿管镜;钬激光碎石术;负压吸引;输尿管结石;脓肾
优先数字出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/51.1688.R.20160701.1059.012.html
输尿管结石导致的梗阻性脓肾,在梗阻解除之前感染一般较难控制,感染加重者甚至可导致尿脓毒血症并发感染性休克。以前多认为碎石治疗易使感染扩散而加重病情[1],一般Ⅰ期放置双J管或经皮肾穿刺造瘘引流,Ⅱ期再行碎石治疗。我科自2014年6月至2015年6月应用输尿管镜钬激光碎石联合负压吸引装置治疗9例输尿管结石梗阻性脓肾患者,其中8例患者均Ⅰ期碎石成功,术后均无感染性休克等严重并发症发生,取得了较满意的效果。现报告如下。
1.1一般资料本组患者共9例,其中:男3例,女6例;年龄26~65岁,平均51岁;病程7 d至3个月;7例伴有发热,体温37.4~39.5 ℃;术前均行彩超及CT检查明确诊断为输尿管结石并肾积水,结石直径约0.6~1.6 cm;右侧5例,左侧4例,均为单侧单发结石;输尿管下段结石6例,中段结石3例,患肾集合系统分离约2.1~4.3 cm,术前检查尿常规白细胞~,术前均经验性使用广谱抗生素抗感染治疗1~3 d,待患者全身情况良好后行手术治疗。术中均见有脓性尿液流出。
1.2方法所有患者均在麻醉下行输尿管镜钬激光碎石术联合应用负压吸引装置治疗,术中采用低压灌注生理盐水,采用德国Wolf F8.0/9.8输尿管镜。制作负压吸引装置:操作手柄一端接灌注水泵,另一端将一次性吸引软管连接手术室中心负压吸引装置,通过操作手柄的开关调节负压吸引大小。直视下在导丝引导下尽可能减少灌注流量进镜至输尿管内,先利用导丝通过结石后在导丝引导下使输尿管镜靠近结石,尽量小心将结石向上推离嵌顿部位,输尿管镜再尝试通过结石梗阻处,若导丝通过结石困难,可应用钬激光碎石尽快松动结石后再通过导丝,然后进镜通过结石梗阻处;若输尿管镜无法通过结石嵌顿处,则尽快应用钬激光击碎部分结石解除梗阻充分引流脓液。见有脓性尿液流出后应用负压吸引持续吸出肾内脓液,留取部分脓性尿液做细菌培养,待尿液转清后,间断应用低压灌注配合负压吸引的作用,应用钬激光击碎结石并留置F4.8双J管及尿管充分引流。
根据术中脓性尿液明确诊断为结石梗阻性脓肾。术前中段尿及术中脓性尿液细菌培养阳性6例,其中5例为大肠埃希菌,1例为粪肠球菌,3例患者细菌培养阴性。9例患者均手术解除了梗阻并留置双J管充分引流,其中8例患者Ⅰ期碎石成功;1例患者因一般情况较差,术中出现血压降低及心率增快,遂给予留置双J管引流后提前结束手术,Ⅱ期行输尿管镜碎石术。手术操作时间10~30 min,平均20 min。术后复查KUB示:双J管位置正确。所有患者术后均无感染性休克等严重并发症发生,术后经抗感染等对症治疗均治愈出院。4周后返院复查结石均排出,拔出留置的双J管。
输尿管结石长期梗阻造成肾积水,易继发感染使脓液在肾内集聚导致梗阻性肾积脓,若不及时引流控制感染,感染扩散易出现脓毒血症、感染性休克,甚至死亡等,严重的尿脓毒血症病死率可达28.3%~41.1%[2]。对于输尿管结石梗阻性脓肾患者,单纯抗感染治疗一般很难控制感染,往往需要解除梗阻充分引流。多主张Ⅰ期先行手术引流[3],通过经皮肾穿刺造瘘、膀胱镜或输尿管镜下逆行置入双J管引流为Ⅱ期手术处理结石创造条件,待感染控制后再行Ⅱ期手术处理结石。但分期手术需使患者遭受二次痛苦且增加患者的相关治疗费用。
部分学者在腔镜下应用负压吸引Ⅰ期处理结石梗阻性脓肾取得了较好的效果[4-5]。钬激光碎石具有能量高、冲击力小、碎石效率高等优点,输尿管镜钬激光碎石术目前已广泛应用于临床治疗输尿管结石。输尿管镜碎石术后并发感染最主要的原因是术中灌注压过高,在输尿管结石腔内碎石过程中,术中灌注导致肾盂内压超过4.67~5.33 kPa时,会引起肾内反流,增加菌血症、败血症甚至感染性休克的机会[6]。研究表明负压吸引可减少术后高热及提升碎石效果[7]。负压吸引装置对于结石合并脓肾的患者能在解除梗阻的同时迅速吸出肾内脓液,且负压能有效降低腔内的压力而减少灌注压力对肾盂的冲击及细菌入血加重感染的机会,从而有效降低发生严重感染的风险;负压吸引还可减少结石移动,有利于提高碎石效率。输尿管镜钬激光碎石联合负压吸引结石清除率高,可迅速解除梗阻,能较好地保护肾功能[2]。我科在手术操作过程中,同时应用吸引软管连接手术室中心负压吸引装置形成的负压吸引,可方便、有效地解决术中输尿管镜中的灌注压的高压问题。
重症感染是腔内泌尿外科手术后严重并发症之一[8],结石梗阻性脓肾术后发生重症感染的风险明显增加。在手术操作过程中我们体会:(1)对于输尿管结石梗阻性脓肾,不必强求完全Ⅰ期击碎或取净结石,尽量缩短手术操作时间,必要时分期手术。对于一些一般情况较差或结石较大、手术操作时间较长、碎石困难的患者,可先放置双J管引流,待Ⅱ期再处理结石。(2)在进镜过程中,尽可能减少灌注压力及流量,以减少肾盂内的压力。(3)对于导丝无法通过的结石患者,以最短的时间碎石,松动结石后,尽可能进镜通过结石梗阻处。镜体越过结石梗阻处后,即以负压吸引装置吸出脓液,可迅速减轻上尿路压力及减少感染扩散。对于输尿管镜无法通过结石嵌顿处的患者,应尽快应用钬激光击碎部分结石,解除梗阻,充分引流脓液。(4)根据术中情况调整灌注压力与负压吸引,使肾盂内压力呈轻度负值,且必须保持负压平衡,否则负压过高易导致输尿管腔塌陷而影响手术操作。
综上所述,输尿管镜下应用钬激光碎石联合负压吸引装置可Ⅰ期治疗输尿管结石梗阻性脓肾,输尿管镜术中负压吸引吸出肾内脓液有利于降低肾内压力、控制感染,能迅速解除梗阻,引流通畅,去除病因,保护肾功能,具有安全性高、并发症少、恢复快、结石清除率高、住院时间短等优点,是一种较好的临床治疗方法。
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Application of Ureteroscopic Holmium Laser Lithotripsy Combined with Negative Pressure Suction to Ureteral Calculous Obstruction with Pyonephrosis
ZHANG Aijian,XIAO Zhisong,ZHAO Jiaxiang,ZHENG Baoshou
(Department of Urology,Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan 671000,China)
Objective:To explore the safety and efficiency of ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy combined with negative pressure suction in the management of ureteral calculous obstruction with pyonephrosis. Methods: From June 2014 to June 2015, a retrospective analysis was made in the clinical data of 9 patients with ureteral calculous obstruction and pyonephrosis undergoing ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy combined with negative pressure suction. The average diameter of ureteral stones was 0.6-1.6 cm. The urine routine of all patients indicated infection before operation, and they were treated with antibiotics. In operation, a lot of pyoid urine was sucked out by negative pressure system. After that, Ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy assisted by negative pressure suction was performed, and then the double-J stents were indwelt for drainage. Results: The obstruction was successfully relieved and double-J stents were indwelt for full drainage in 9 patients. 8 cases
successful one-stage lithotripsy, while a case underwent two-stage lithotripsy after only one-stage indwelling of double-J stent due to body weak condition. The average time of operation was 20 min (10-30 min). All patients had no septic shock and other serious complications, and they were cured and discharged from hospital after anti-infection therapy. Conclusion: The negative pressure suction system is useful to reduce the intrarenal pressure and control infection. Ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy combined with negative pressure suction can achieve one-stage success in the treatment of ureteral calculous obstruction with pyonephrosis. It is safe and effective with the advantages of less complication and fast recovery.
ureteroscopy; holmium laser lithotripsy; negative pressure suction; ureteral calculous; pyonephrosis
2015-08-27)
肖芝松,zhangaijian2010@126.com.
R714.258
A
10.11851/j.issn.1673-1557.2016.04.017